~ HCOMPRESS.BCK\ HCOMPRESS.BCK:BACKUP [...] [WHITE]HCOMPRESS.BCK/SAVE_SET/INTERCHANGE/LOG WHITE ,餫V5.5 _AIRY::  _$3$DIA2: V5.5-2 ~ *[HCOMPRESS]AAREADME.;1+,n./ 4J-v0123KPWO56(񡫗7l򡫗8lF49GHJ  23 July 1993@This directory contains HCOMPRESS, the image compression packageBwritten by Richard L. White for use at the Space Telescope Science8Institute (rlw@stsci.edu). Briefly, the method used is:A (1) a wavelet transform called the H-transform (a Haar transform- generalized to two dimensions), followed byB (2) quantization that discards noise in the image while retaining' the signal on all scales, followed by3 (3) quadtree coding of the quantized coefficients.EThe technique gives very good compression for astronomical images andFis fast, requiring about 4 seconds for compression or decompression ofFa 512x512 image on a Sun SPARCstation 1. The calculations are carried9out using integer arithmetic and are entirely reversible.BConsequently, the program can be used for either lossy or losslessBcompression, with no special approach needed for the lossless caseE(e.g. there is no need for a file of residuals.) Documentation on theHuse of the programs and on the compression method is included in the doc subdirectory.GThese programs can compress 2-byte integer images in a small variety ofJinput formats. The resulting compressed image file is machine-independentEand may be transferred between computers with binary FTP. The sourceGcode is reasonably machine-independent, although it has not been testedDon a wide range of machines. Installation instructions for Unix andCVMS (VAX) machines are given in the README files in the appropriateFsubdirectories. I would be very interested to hear of any attempts toAinstall this code on other kinds of machines (e.g. MS-DOS, Macs.)AThis version (23 July 1993) corrects one bug in the decompression>from the previous version (20 April 1992). The effect of this=bug was only noticeable for lossless compression of odd-sized?images (images with dimensions that are not a power of 2.) The@compressed files in that case were correct, but the decompressedDimages could have pixel values that differed by +/- 1 count comparedAto the original. If you have any old compressed files, they will;decompress properly using this new version of the software.2Only hinv.c has changed from the previous version.DI know of no other bugs that have been discovered (but would welcomereports of such.);Copyright (c) 1993 Association of Universities for Research:in Astronomy. All rights reserved. Produced under National=Aeronautics and Space Administration Contract No. NAS5-26555.*[HCOMPRESS]DOC.DIR;1+,y./ 4-v0123 KPWO560!758L49GHJI AAREADME. HCOMPRESS.MAN HCOMPRESS.PSPAPER.PS PAPER.TEX*[HCOMPRESS.DOC]AAREADME.;1+,./ 4K-y0123KPWO56<7\ (8\[49GHJ 20 April 1992DThis directory contains documentation for HCOMPRESS. Files include:Hhcompress.man Description of how to use the programs (plain text file)Hhcompress.ps Description of how to use the programs (Postscript file)Cpaper.tex Paper describing the compression method (TeX file).Jpaper.ps Paper describing the compression method (Postscript file).?The paper is published in the Proceedings of the NASA Space andGEarth Science Data Compression Workshop, ed. James C. Tilton, Snowbird,DUtah, March 1992. The Postscript images have been omitted from thispaper to reduce the file size.KAdditional documentation on installing the programs and on operating-systemEdependent problems may be found in the aareadme files in the unix andvms directories.*[HCOMPRESS.DOC]HCOMPRESS.MAN;1+,.'/ 4A'&.-y0123KPWO(56b776h8;\49GHJLAHCOMPRESS(1) USER COMMANDS HCOMPRESS(1)NAMEA hcompress, hdecompress, fcompress, fdecompress - compress and decompress imagesSYNOPSISA hcomp -v -i raw|net|fits|hhh -s scale -r rows -c columns% [ datafile [ headerfile ] ]& hdecomp -v -s -o raw|net|fits|hhh< hcompress -s scale -k -r files... [ options ] files...< fcompress -s scale -k -r files... [ options ] files...A hdecompress -s -u -k -r -o raw|net|fits|hhh files... [ options ] files...A fdecompress -s -u -k -r -o raw|net|fits|hhh files... [ options ] files... DESCRIPTIONA hcompress is an image compression package written toA compress the Space Telescope Science Institute (STScI) Digi-A tized Sky Survey images. It is well-suited to the compres-A sion of astronomical images, which generally consist of flatA sky sprinkled with point sources (stars) and the occasionalA extended source (galaxies and nebulae). Briefly, the method used is:A (1) a wavelet transform called the H-transform (a Haar? transform generalized to two dimensions), followed byA (2) quantization that discards noise in the image while9 retaining the signal on all scales, followed by8 (3) quadtree coding of the quantized coefficients.A The technique gives very good compression for astronomicalA images and is fast, requiring about 4 seconds for compres-A sion or decompression of a 512x512 image on a Sun SPARCsta-A tion 1. The calculations are carried out using integerA arithmetic and are entirely reversible. Consequently, theA program can be used for either lossy or lossless compres-A sion, with no special approach needed for the lossless case5 (e.g. there is no need for a file of residuals.)A These programs can compress 2-byte integer images in a smallA variety of input formats. The resulting compressed imageA file is machine-independent and may be transferred between computers with binary FTP.A The executable programs hcomp and hdecomp are the basicASun Release 4.1 Last change: 20 April 1992 1AHCOMPRESS(1) USER COMMANDS HCOMPRESS(1)A tools for compression and decompression of images. UsersA with images in FITS format will generally find it easier toA use the fcompress and fdecompress scripts, while users withA images in the IRAF and STSDAS hhh/hhd file formats willA prefer the hcompress and hdecompress scripts. (FITS is theA Flexible Image Transport System, which is the universalA standard for astronomical data. IRAF is a widely usedA astronomical data analysis system; STSDAS is a package ofA IRAF tasks designed for Hubble Space Telescope data.) ThoseA who wish to use this compression software for non-A astronomical images will probably find these scripts inade-A quate and are encouraged to create their own scripts usingA these as a model. It also would be rather easy to modify? the source code so that 8-bit images can be used as input.A In Unix these programs and scripts can be installed in someA directory found in your path using the make install command.A In VMS it is necessary to define symbols pointing to theA directory and the programs by executing the @hcompinit com- mand file.7 To compress a 2-byte integer image in FITS format,' fcompress -s scale image.fitsA produces an output file named image.fits.H (or image.fits_HA in VMS) with the compressed image. The input fileA image.fits is not removed unless the -r option is specified. To decompress this image," fdecompress image.fits.H/ will create a FITS file called image.fits.A The -s scale option determines the amount of compression.A Scale = 0 or 1 leads to lossless compression, i.e. theA decompressed image has exactly the same pixel values as theA original image. If scale > 1 then the compression is lossy:A the decompressed image will not be exactly the same as theA original. For astronomical images, lossless compression isA generally rather ineffective because the images have a goodA deal of noise, which is inherently incompressible. However,A if some of this noise is discarded then the images compressA very well. The scale factor determines how much of theA noise is discarded. We have found that setting scale to 2A times sigma, the RMS noise in the image, usually results inA compression by about a factor of 10 (i.e. the compressedA image requires about 1.5 bits/pixel), while producing aA decompressed image that is nearly indistinguishable from theA original. In fact, the RMS difference between theA decompressed image and the original image will be only aboutA 1/2 sigma. Our experiments indicate that this level of lossASun Release 4.1 Last change: 20 April 1992 2AHCOMPRESS(1) USER COMMANDS HCOMPRESS(1)A has no noticeable effect on either the visual appearance ofA the image or on quantitative analysis of the image (e.g.A measurements of positions and brightnesses of stars are not adversely affected.)A Using a larger value for scale results in higher compressionA at the cost of larger differences between the compressed andA original images. A rough rule of thumb is that if scaleA equals N sigma, then the image will compress to about 3/NA bits/pixel, and the RMS difference between the original andA the compressed image will be about N/4 sigma. This crudeA relationship is inaccurate both for very high compressionA ratios and for lossless compression, but it does at leastA give an indication of what to expect of the compressed images.A For images in which the noise varies from pixel to pixelA (e.g. CCD images, where the noise is larger for brighterA pixels), the appropriate value for scale is determined byA the RMS noise level in the sky regions of the image. ForA images that are essentially noiseless, any lossy compressionA is noticeable under sufficiently close inspection of theA image, but some loss is nonetheless acceptable for typicalA applications. Note that the quantization scheme used inA hcompress is not designed to give images that appear as muchA like the original as possible to the human eye, but ratherA is designed to produce images that are as similar as possi-A ble to the original under quantitative analysis. Thus, ourA emphasis is on discarding noise without affecting the signalA rather than on discarding components of the image that areA not very noticeable to the eye (as may be done, for example,A by JPEG compression.) The resulting compression scheme isA not ideal for typical terrestrial images (though it is stillA a reasonably good method for those images), but we believe4 it is close to optimal for astronomical images.OPTIONSA hcomp -v -i raw|net|fits|hhh -s scale -r rows -c columns% [ datafile [ headerfile ] ]A hcomp reads an image from the standard input (or fromA datafile and headerfile if specified) and writes a- compressed image to the standard output.A -v Verbose. A description of the input file and theA compression achieved is written to the standard error output. -i raw|net|fits|hhh) Input format. Choices are:ASun Release 4.1 Last change: 20 April 1992 3AHCOMPRESS(1) USER COMMANDS HCOMPRESS(1)A raw Pixel values have 2 bytes in machine-A dependent order, i.e. no byte swapping isA done on input. This is the default format if& none is specified.A net Pixel values have 2 bytes in "network" order:A high byte first, then low byte for eachA pixel. Byte-swapping is done on input ifA needed. Note that this is the same as rawA format on some machines (e.g. Suns) but isA different on others (e.g. VAXes). Files inA net format can be transferred from oneA machine to another without modification, but/ files in raw format cannot.A fits FITS (Flexible Image Transport System) formatA image. Header gives image size. Bytes areA in network order. FITS format is the univer-A sal standard for transport of astronomical images.A hhh FITS-type header (but without padding linesA making header multiple of 2880 bytes) in aA file named rootname.xxh, with the pixelA values (bytes in machine-dependent order) inA a different file named rootname.xxd. No3 byte-swapping is done on input. -s scaleA Scale factor. Non-negative integer that deter-A mines the amount of compression. Default is scaleA = 1024, which could be wildly inappropriate forA your images. Use scale = 0 for lossless compres-A sion. See the discussion above for more informa- tion.A -r Pixels/row. This is the quickly varying dimensionA in the file, i.e. the order of pixels in the fileA is all pixels from first row, all pixels fromA second row, etc. Note that the size of the imageA can be specified this way only for raw and netA format images; fits and hhh format images includeA a header giving the size of the image. Default value is 256.A -c Pixels/column. This is the slowly varying dimen-7 sion in the file. Default value is 256. datafileA Input data file. If not specified the input is read from stdin.ASun Release 4.1 Last change: 20 April 1992 4AHCOMPRESS(1) USER COMMANDS HCOMPRESS(1) headerfileA Input header file. This is only specified forA format hhh, in which the header and data are inA separate files. It is also possible to concaten-A ate the header and data files into stdin for hhh format images.& hdecomp -v -s -o raw|net|fits|hhhA hdecomp reads a compressed image from the standard input and8 writes a decompressed image to the standard output.A -v Verbose. A description of the output file is writ-0 ten to the standard error output.A -s Smoothing flag. At high compressions theA decompressed image begins to appear blocky becauseA of the way information is discarded. This blocki-A ness is greatly reduced, producing more pleasingA images, if the -s flag is specified during7 decompression. Default is no smoothing. -o raw|net|fits|hhhA Output format. Default is fits for input filesA that were in FITS format and is raw for otherA input file formats. Note that this means that anA image that was originally in net format is not, byA default, decompressed to the same format. OtherA input formats are properly decompressed to the% same format on output.< hcompress -s scale -k -r files... [ options ] files...A hcompress compresses one or more images in hhh input format. -s scaleA Scale factor. Default in script is 666. NoteA that this is different than the default in hcomp.A You can modify the script to insert a typical4 value for your images as the default.? -k Keep original files after compression (default).A -r Remove original files after compression. Only theA data file (hhd) is removed, the header file is$ retained in any case. files...A One or more hhh/hhd format images to compress.A Wild cards may be used. The names of the dataA files (not the header files) should be specified.A Note that one can mix options and file names;ASun Release 4.1 Last change: 20 April 1992 5AHCOMPRESS(1) USER COMMANDS HCOMPRESS(1)A options apply only to files that follow them onA the command line. For example, the removal of theA original images may be turned on and off using theA -r and -k flags. If infile.xxd is the name of anA original image data file, the resulting compressedA image is in a file named infile.xxd.H (or$ infile.xxd_H in VMS.)< fcompress -s scale -k -r files... [ options ] files...A fcompress compresses one or more images in fits input for- mat. -s scaleA Scale factor. As for hcompress, the script$ default value is 666.? -k Keep original files after compression (default).7 -r Remove original files after compression. files...A One or more FITS format images to compress. IfA infile is the name of an input FITS file, then theA resulting compressed image is in a file named- infile.H (or infile_H in VMS.)A hdecompress -u -s -k -r -o raw|net|fits|hhh files... [ options ] files...A fdecompress -u -s -k -r -o raw|net|fits|hhh files... [ options ] files...A These programs decompress one or more compressed imageA files. hdecompress and fdecompress are actually the sameA program; the two different names are provided for con-A sistency with the two compression programs, hcompress and fcompress.+ -u Disable smoothing (default). -s Enable smoothing.A -k Keep compressed image file after decompression (default).@ -r Remove compressed image file after decompression. -o raw|net|fits|hhhA Output format. Default is fits for files origi-A nally in FITS format, and raw for other files.A Note that raw format output is correct for hhhASun Release 4.1 Last change: 20 April 1992 6AHCOMPRESS(1) USER COMMANDS HCOMPRESS(1)! format data files. files...A Names of files to decompress. The .H extension isA added to the end of the filename if it is notA explicitly specified. (In VMS the filenames mustA already have _H on the end of the file extension.)A For an input compressed image in infile.H (orA infile_H in VMS) the output decompressed image is in infile.BUGSA Current input formats include only 16 bit, 2-dimensionalA images, though the extension to other formats and to higher) dimensions would be straightforward.A FITS extensions such as multiple groups and group parameters are not accepted.A FITS header lines are not compressed when they are includedA in the compressed image file. This can significantly affectA the compression achieved for small images with largeA headers. It does have the advantage that the header can be< easily examined to determined the contents of the file.A If a highly inappropriate value is specified for the scaleA factor, the image is vastly overcompressed and much informa-A tion is lost. The compression program ought to estimate theA range of plausible scale factors from the image statisticsA and issue a warning of the user-supplied value does notA appear reasonable. It would also be useful to have the pro-A gram make a good guess for the scale factor if it is not specified.A If the wrong size is given (using the -r and -c parameters)A for a raw or net format image, the compression program mayA fail to read the entire image. No error message is issued= if the image is actually bigger than the specified size.A On VAXes running VMS, the decompressed image file may notA have the same record format as the original image. This canA cause problems if the software reading the image requires itA to have special characteristics (e.g. fixed record lengths.)A The modify program, included with the VMS command files, canA be used to change the decompressed image files so that theyA have fixed record lengths, but it uses an unsupported VMSA system routine, SYS$MODIFY, to make the modification so it% is at best a makeshift solution.AUTHORA Richard L. White, Space Telescope Science Institute Copy-A right (c) 1993 Association of Universities for Research inASun Release 4.1 Last change: 20 April 1992 7AHCOMPRESS(1) USER COMMANDS HCOMPRESS(1)A Astronomy. All rights reserved. Produced under NationalA Aeronautics and Space Administration Contract No. NAS5- 26555.? Problems, suggestions, gripes, and praise to rlw@stsci.eduASun Release 4.1 Last change: 20 April 1992 8*[HCOMPRESS.DOC]HCOMPRESS.PS;1+,.]/ 4P][b-y0123KPWO^56z78\49GHJ%!PS-Adobe-1.0,%%Creator: sol.stsci.edu:rlw (Rick L. 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F 991(scale)S3 F 1135(-k)S 1208(-r)S2 F1275(\256les)S1 F1377(.)S1402(.)S1427(.)S1482([)S2 F1522(options)S1 F1724(])S2 F1764(\256les)S1 F1866(.)S1891(.)S1916(.)S 2205 708(.)U3 F648(fcompress)S1 F928(compresses)S 1225(one)S 1332(or)S 1402(more)S 1546(images)S 1737(in)S3 F 1804(\256ts)S1 F 1900(input)S 2044(format)S3 F 864 807(-s)U2 F 927(scale)S1 F 1080(Scale)S1231(factor.)S 1427(As)S 1513(for)S3 F1603(hcompress)S1 F(,)R 1911(the)S 2005(script)S2159(default)S 2347(value)S 2498(is)S 2558(666.)S3 F 864 1005(-)U 864 906(-k)U1 F 1080(Keep)S1227(original)S1435(\256les)S 1555(after)S1686(compression)S2010(\(default\).)S3 F 884 1005(r)U1 F 1080(Remove)S1301(original)S1509(\256les)S 1629(after)S1760(compression.)S 3207 1104(S)U2 F 864(\256les)S1 F966(.)S991(.)S1016(.)S 1080(One)S 1203(or)S 1276(more)S 1423(FITS)S 1569(format)S 1753(images)S 1947(to)S2017(compress.)S 2302(If)S2 F2365(in\256le)S1 F 2509(is)S 2571(the)S 2667(name)S 2820(of)S 2892(an)S 2971(input)S 3117(FIT)S1080 1176(\256le,)U 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2023(image)S2195(\256les.)S3 F2354(hdecompress)S1 F 2711(and)S3 F2822(fdecompress)S1 F 3166(are)S 3220 1617(-)U 648 1689(s)U648 1617(actuall)U810(y)S 862(the)S 958(same)S1104(program;)S 1347(the)S 1443(two)S1555(different)S 1784(names)S 1959(are)S2054(provided)S 2289(for)S2380(consistency)S 2682(with)S 2810(the)S 2905(two)S3016(compres)S671 1689(ion)U768(programs,)S3 F1030(hcompress)S1 F 1323(and)S3 F1430(fcompress)S1 F(.)R 1766 1788(.)U3 F 864 1887(-)U 864 1788(-u)U1 F1080(Disable)S1284(smoothing)S1558(\(default\))S3 F 884 1887(s)U1 F 1080(Enable)S1268(smoothing.)S3 F 864 1986(-)U(k)R1 F 1080(Keep)S1227(compressed)S 1531(image)S 1699(\256le)S 1796(after)S1927(decompression)S2308(\(default\).)S3 F 864 2184(-)U 864 2085(-r)U1 F 1080(Remove)S1301(compressed)S 1605(image)S 1773(\256le)S 1870(after)S2001(decompression.)S3 F 884 2184(o)U 934(raw)S6 F1044(e)S3 F 1054(net)S6 F1144(e)S3 F 1154(\256ts)S6 F1240(e)S3 F 1250(hhh)S1 F 1080 2256(O)U(utput)R1274(format.)S1497(Default)S 1705(is)S3 F 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