% PSAMPLE2.TEX -- PASP Conference Proceedings macro package tutorial paper.

% Lines starting with "%" are comments; they will be ignored by LaTeX.

% This is a comprehensive example, meaning thyat we have made use of each
% of the capabilities of the LaTeX + the PASP macro package that we think
% you may need to use.  

% The first item in a LaTeX file must be a \documentstyle command to
% declare the overall style of the paper.

% Graphics can be included using psfig

\documentstyle[11pt,cal97,psfig]{article}

\markboth{Biemes, et al.}{Test paper}
\setcounter{page}{33}

% There is no more markup in the "preamble" for paspconf papers.  You should
% not define any "personal" LaTeX commands, in the preamble or anyplace else,
% for that matter.  Use only standard LaTeX commands or the additional ones
% provided as part of the paspconf package.
%
% Now start with the real material for the paper, which is indicated with
% \begin{document}.  Following the \begin{document} command is the "front
% matter" for the paper, viz., the title, author and address data, the
% abstract, etc.

\begin{document}

\title{Collapsed Cores in Globular Clusters,
    Gauge-Boson Couplings,
    and PASP Conference \LaTeX\ Macro Sample}

\author{S. Djorgovski\altaffilmark{1,2} and Ivan R. King}
\affil{Astronomy Department, University of California,
    Berkeley, CA 94720}

\author{C. D. Biemesderfer\altaffilmark{3}}
\affil{National Optical Astronomy Observatories, Tucson, AZ 85719}

% Notice that some of these authors have alternate affiliations, which
% are identified by the \altaffilmark after each name.  The actual alternate
% affiliation information is typeset in footnotes at the bottom of the
% first page, and the text itself is specified in \altaffiltext commands.
% There is a separate \altaffiltext for each alternate affiliation
% indicated above.

\altaffiltext{1}{Visiting Astronomer, Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory. 
CTIO is operated by AURA, Inc.\ under cooperative agreement with the National
Science Foundation} 
\altaffiltext{2}{Society of Fellows, Harvard University} 
\altaffiltext{3}{Patron, Alonso's Bar and Grill}

% The abstract is entered in a LaTeX "environment", designated with paired
% \begin{abstract} -- \end{abstract} commands.  Other environments are
% identified by the name in the curly braces.

% Poster authors ONLY may omit the abstract in order to gain a little
% more page space for the text of the poster.

\begin{abstract}
This is a preliminary report on surface photometry of the major 
fraction of known globular clusters, to see which of them show the signs 
of a collapsed core.
We also show off the results of some recreational mathematics.
\end{abstract}

% Keywords should be included, but they are not printed in the hardcopy.

\keywords{globular clusters,peanut clusters,bosons,bozos}

% That's it for the front matter.  On to the main body of the paper.
% We'll only put in tutorial remarks at the beginning of each section
% so you can see entire sections together.

\section{Introduction}

A focal problem today in the dynamics of globular clusters is 
core collapse.  It has been predicted by theory
for decades (H\`enon 1961, Lynden-Bell \& Wood 1968, Spitzer 1985),
but observation has been less alert to the phenomenon. For many years the 
central brightness peak in M15 (King 1975, Newell \& O'Neil 1978)
seemed a unique anomaly.  Then Auri\`ere (1982) suggested a central peak 
in NGC 6397, and a limited photographic survey of ours
(Djorgovski \& King 1984, Paper I)
found three more cases, including NGC 6624, whose
sharp center had often been remarked on (e.g., Canizares et al. 1978).

\section{Observations}

All our observations were short direct exposures with CCD's.
\begin{enumerate}
\item At Lick Observatory we used a TI 500$\times$500 chip 
and a GEC 575$\times$385, on the 1-m Nickel reflector.  The only
filter available at Lick was red.
\item At CTIO we used a GEC 575$\times$385, with
$B, V,$ and $R$ filters, and an RCA 512$\times$320, with $U, B, V, R,$ and $I$
filters, on the 1.5-m reflector. In the CTIO observations we tried to
concentrate on the shortest practicable wavelengths; but faintness, reddening,
and poor short-wavelength sensitivity often kept us from observing in $U$ or
even in $B$.
\end{enumerate}
All four cameras had scales of the order of 0.4 arcsec/pixel, and
our field sizes were around 3 arcmin. 

The CCD images are unfortunately not always suitable, for very poor 
clusters or for clusters with large cores.  Since the latter are easily 
studied by other means, we augmented our own CCD profiles by collecting
from the literature a number of star-count
profiles (King et al. 1968, Peterson 1976, Ortolani et al. 1985)
as well as photoelectric profiles (King 1966) and 
electronographic profiles (Kron et al. 1984).
In a few cases we judged normality by eye estimates on one of the Sky
Surveys.

% In this section, we see the use of the \subsection command to set off
% an independent subsection.  We only have one here; usually there would
% be several.
%
% We show the use of several of the displayed math environments described
% in the User Guide, and you get a healthy dose of mathematical typesetting
% examples.  Also, observe the use of the LaTeX \label command after the
% \subsection to give a symbolic tag to the subsection for cross-referencing
% in a \ref command.  LaTeX automatically numbers the sections, equations,
% tables, etc. as it goes, so in general you don't know what number something
% is going to have.  We'll refer to the "hairymath" section a little later.

\section{Helicity Amplitudes}

It has been realized that helicity amplitudes provide a convenient means
for Feynman-diagram evaluations.  These amplitude-level techniques
are particularly convenient for calculations involving many Feynman
diagrams, where the usual trace techniques for the amplitude
squared becomes unwieldy.  Our calculations use the helicity techniques
developed by other authors (Hagiwara \& Zeppenfeld 1986);
we briefly summarize below.

\subsection{Formalism} \label{hairymath}

A tree-level amplitude in $e^+e^-$ collisions can be expressed in
terms of fermion strings of the form
\begin{equation}
\bar v(p_2,\sigma_2)P_{-\tau}\not\!a_1\not\!a_2\cdots
\not\!a_nu(p_1,\sigma_1)\;,
\end{equation}
where $p$ and $\sigma$ label the initial $e^{\pm}$ four-momenta
and helicities $(\sigma = \pm 1)$, $\not\!a_i=a^\mu_i\gamma_\mu$,
and $P_\tau=\frac{1}{2}(1+\tau\gamma_5)$ is a chirality projection
operator $(\tau = \pm1)$.  The $a^\mu_i$ may be formed from particle
four-momenta, gauge-boson polarization vectors or fermion strings with
an uncontracted Lorentz index associated with final-state fermions.

\subsubsection{Weyl spinors}

The Weyl spinors are given in terms of helicity eigenstates
$\chi_\lambda(p)$ with $\lambda=\pm1$ by
\begin{eqnarray}
u(p,\lambda)_\pm & = & (E\pm\lambda|{\bf p}|)^{1/2}\chi_\lambda(p)\;,
\nonumber \\ & & \\
v(p,\lambda)_\pm & = & \pm\lambda(E\mp\lambda|{\bf p}|)^{1/2}\chi
_{-\lambda}(p) \nonumber
\end{eqnarray}

% In these sections, we see some additional math-related markup, and we
% have references to one of the tables (occurs later in the document)
% and the "hairymath" section immediately preceding this one.
%
% In the second paragraph, note the use of in-text math ($stuff$) including
% a couple of the miscellaneous symbol commands defined in the macro package.
%
% This is the last section of the paper, so there is an \acknowledgments
% section at the end of the main body.

\section{Floating Material and So Forth}

Consider a task that computes profile parameters for a modified
Lorentzian of the form
\begin{equation}
I = \frac{1}{1 + d_{1}^{P (1 + d_{2} )}}
\end{equation}
where
\begin{displaymath}
d_{1} = \sqrt{ \left( \begin{array}{c} \frac{x_{1}}{R_{maj}} 
\end{array} \right) ^{2} + 
\left( \begin{array}{c} \frac{y_{1}}{R_{min}} \end{array} \right) ^{2} }
\end{displaymath}
\begin{displaymath}
d_{2} = \sqrt{ \left( \begin{array}{c} \frac{x_{1}}{P R_{maj}}
\end{array} \right) ^{2} + 
\left( \begin{array}{c} \frac{y_{1}}{P R_{min}} \end{array} \right) ^{2} }
\end{displaymath}
\[x_{1} = (x - x_{0}) \cos \Theta + (y - y_{0}) \sin \Theta \]
\[y_{1} = -(x - x_{0}) \sin \Theta + (y - y_{0}) \cos \Theta \]

In these expressions $x_{0}$,$y_{0}$ is the star center, and $\Theta$ is the
angle with the $x$ axis.  Results of this task are shown in Table~\ref{tbl-1}.
It is not clear how these sorts of analyses may affect determination of
$M_{\sun}$ and $M_{\earth}$, but the assumption is that the alternate results
should be less than 90\deg\ out of phase with previous values.

\begin{itemize}
\item We should see that enumerated lists work as expected, with proper
margins and indentation.  The list that appears at the beginning of
the paper is enumerated.
\item We should see that itemized lists work as expected, with proper
margins and indentation.  This list is itemized.
\end{itemize}

% Tables and figures are placed within LaTeX environments with sensible
% names: "table" and "figure".  These environments allow a caption to be
% defined, and isolate the tabular or graphical material in such a way
% that it can "float" within the text, usually appearing at the top or
% bottom of a page (occasionally between paragraphs).  This is as opposed
% to interrupting the text.
%
% The tabular data is aligned within the "tabular" environment.  Observe
% that our tabular environment is embedded within a "center" environment,
% which is in turn inside a "table" environment.
%
% We need the table environment for autonumbering and caption generation,
% which is why it is not enough to have a centered tabular.
%
% Within the tabular environment, please note that we use no vertical
% rules, and the horizontal rules are inserted with \tableline (*not* \hline).
% Note that a couple of the column headings require special annotation, i.e.,
% footnotes for tables.  They are marked and tagged with \tablenotemark.
% \tablenotemarks could be placed on individual data entries as well,
% but try not to go berserk doing this.
%
% It is necessary to \label tables and figures *after* the \caption has been
% specified because the table/figure number is generated by \caption, not
% by \begin{whatever}.

\begin{table}
\caption{Terribly relevant tabular information.} \label{tbl-1}
\begin{center}\scriptsize
\begin{tabular}{crrrrrrrrrrr}
Star & Height & $d_{x}$ & $d_{y}$ & $n$ & $\chi^2$ & $R_{min}$ &
\multicolumn{1}{c}{$P$\tablenotemark{a}} & $P R_{maj}$ & $P R_{min}$ & 
\multicolumn{1}{c}{$\Theta$\tablenotemark{b}} \\
\tableline
1 &33472.5 &-0.1 &0.4  &53 &27.4 &1.940 &3.900 &68.3 &116.2 &-27.639\\
2 &27802.4 &-0.3 &-0.2 &60 &3.7  &1.510 &2.156 &6.8  &7.5 &-26.764\\
3 &29210.6 &0.9  &0.3  &60 &3.4  &1.551 &2.159 &6.7  &7.3 &-40.272\\
4 &32733.8 &-1.2 &-0.5 &41 &54.8 &2.156 &4.313 &117.4 &78.2 &-35.847\\
5 & 9607.4 &-0.4 &-0.4 &60 &1.4  &1.574 &2.343 &8.0  &8.9 &-33.417\\
6 &31638.6 &1.6  &0.1  &39 &315.2 &3.075 &7.488 &92.1 &25.3 &-12.052\\
\end{tabular}
\end{center}

% Text for table footnotes must follow the tabular environment but must
% be inside the table environment.  Note that it is OK to put \ref's
% in \tablenotetext's.

\tablenotetext{a}{Sample footnote for Table~\ref{tbl-1}}
\tablenotetext{b}{Another sample footnote for Table~\ref{tbl-1}}
\tablenotetext{c}{Footnote with no call out}
\tablenotetext{d}{Another footnote with no call out}
\tablenotetext{e}{A further additional footnote with no call out}

\end{table}

% As per the table environment, within the figure environment the \caption
% command should contain only the caption text.  The "Figure N." identification
% is generated by the \caption command on its own.
%
% Some appropriate amount of vertical space is opened up with the \vspace
% command.  Your figure has to fit in this space when you glue it in.
%
% You cannot use footnotes within figures.

This paragraph has been placed here so that we can show the relationship
between floating elements and running text.
A sample figure appears in Figure~\ref{fig-1}.
\begin{figure}
\vspace{1.75in}
\caption{A particularly ghostly figure.} \label{fig-1}
\psfig{file=ghost.ps,width=\textwidth}
\end{figure}
We insert the figure in the text file immediately
after the sentence in which it is called out;
this happens to be in the middle of a paragraph.
Notice that this paragraph
continues on after the {\tt figure} environment is closed.
The typeset text of the paragraph will not be broken by the figure;
rather, the figure will be ``floated'' to an appropriate spot
(top of page, bottom of page, possibly after the paragraph)
close to the textual material in which it is embedded in the source file.

% Finally, we have a little acknowledgements section.

\acknowledgments

We are grateful to V. Barger, T. Han, and R. J. N. Phillips for
doing the math in section~\ref{hairymath}.

% That's the end of the main body of the paper.  Now we will have some
% back matter.

\begin{question}{Dr.\ Dragonoff}
Could you explain why the Earth is shaped like a pear?
\end{question}
\begin{answer}{Herr Biemes}
It is a consequence of celestial evolution.  The Earth started out
shaped like a banana, enjoyed a brief period of quasi-mango morphology,
and then transmuted through the legumes to its present prolate shape.
\end{answer}

\begin{question}{Prof.\ Pistov}
Could you explain why the Moon is shaped like a bowling ball?
\end{question}
\begin{answer}{Herr Biemes}
It is a consequence of celestial evolution.  The Moon started out
shaped like a hockey puck, enjoyed a brief period of quasi-boomerang
morphology, and then transmuted to its present spherical shape.
\end{answer}

% Now comes the reference list.  Since we typed out the citations ourselves,
% the reference list is enclosed in a "references" environment.  Each
% new reference begins with a \reference command which sets up the proper
% indentation.  Typography that may be required in the reference list by
% the editorial staff must be included by the author.
%
% Observe the "standard" order for bibliographic material: author name(s),
% publication year, journal name, volume, and page number for articles.
% Some journal names are available as macros; see the WGAS markup
% instructions for a listing of which ones have been "macro-ized".
% Note the use of curly braces to delimit the font changes: it is essential
% that this be done to limit the scope of the font declaration.
%
% There is no need to engage in any other typographic manipulation.

\begin{references}
\reference Auri\`ere, M.  1982, \astap, 109, 301
\reference Canizares, C. R., Grindlay, J. E., Hiltner, W. A., Liller, W., \&
    McClintock, J. E.  1978, \apj, 224, 39
\reference Djorgovski, S., \& King, I. R.  1984, \apjlett, 277, L49
\reference Hagiwara, K., \& Zeppenfeld, D.  1986, Nucl.Phys., 274, 1
\reference H\'enon, M.  1961, Ann.d'Ap., 24, 369
\reference King, I. R.  1966, \aj, 71, 276
\reference King, I. R.  1975, in Dynamics of Stellar Systems, A. Hayli,
    Dordrecht: Reidel, 1975, 99
\reference King, I. R., Hedemann, E., Hodge, S. M., \& White, R. E.
    1968, \aj, 73, 456
\reference Kron, G. E., Hewitt, A. V., \& Wasserman, L. H.
    1984, \pasp, 96, 198
\reference Lynden-Bell, D., \& Wood, R.  1968, \mnras, 138, 495
\reference Newell, E. B., \& O'Neil, E. J.  1978, \apjsupp, 37, 27
\reference Ortolani, S., Rosino, L., \& Sandage, A.  1985, \aj, 90, 473
\reference Peterson, C. J.  1976, \aj, 81, 617
\reference Spitzer, L.  1985, in Dynamics of Star Clusters,
    J. Goodman \& P. Hut, Dordrecht: Reidel, 109
\end{references}

% That's all, folks.
%
% The technique of segregating major semantic components of the document
% within "environments" is a very good one, but you as an author have to
% come up with a way of making sure each \begin{whatzit} has a corresponding
% \end{whatzit}.  If you miss one, LaTeX will probably complain a great
% deal during the composition of the document.  Occasionally, you get away
% with it right up to the \end{document}, in which case, you will see
% "\begin{whatzit} ended by \end{document}".

\end{document}
