What Are Stalled Preplanetary Nebulae? An ACS SNAPshot Survey

----- Submission 1 (Wed May 18 10:50:56 GMT 2005) ----- This proposal is being submitted by the PC. What Are Stalled Preplanetary Nebulae? An ACS SNAPshot Survey Essentially all planetary nebulae (PNs) are aspherical, whereas the mass-loss envelopes of AGB stars are strikingly spherical. Our previous SNAPshot surveys of a morphologically unbiased sample of pre-planetary nebulae (PPNs) -- objects in transition between the AGB and PN evolutionary phases -- show that roughly half our observed targets are resolved, with bipolar or multipolar morphologies. Spectroscopic observations of our sample confirm that these objects have not yet evolved into planetary nebulae. Thus, the transformation from spherical to aspherical geometries has already fully developed by the time these dying stars have become PPNs. Although our current studies have yielded exciting results, they are limited in two important ways -- (1) the number of well-resolved objects is still small (18), and the variety of morphologies observed relatively multitudinous, hence no clear trends can yet be established between morphology and other source properties (e.g., near-IR, far-IR colors, stellar spectral type, envelope mass), and (2) the current samples are strongly biased towards small PPNs, as inferred from their low 60-to-25 micron flux ratios [R(60/25)<1]. However, the prototype of objects with R(60/25)>1, the Frosty Leo Nebula, has a puzzlingly large post-AGB age (almost 10^4 yr) and a fairly cool central star, very different from the expectations of single-star stellar evolutionary models. A proposed, but still speculative, hypothesis for such objects is that the slow evolution of the central star is due to backflow of material onto the mass-losing star, retarding its evolution towards the PN phase. This hypothesis has significant consequences for both stellar and nebular evolution. We therefore propose a survey of PPNs with R(60/25)>1 which is heavily weighted towards the discovery of such "stalled PPNs". Supporting kinematic observations using long-slit optical spectroscopy (with the Keck), millimeter and radio interferometric observations (with OVRO, VLA & VLBA) are being undertaken. The results from this survey (together with our previous work) will allow us to draw general conclusions about the complex mass-outflow processes affecting late stellar evolution, and will provide crucial input for theories of post-AGB stellar evolution. Our survey will produce an archival legacy of long-standing value for future studies of dying stars.

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