The Effects of Multiplicity on the Evolution of Young Stellar Objects: A NICMOS Imaging Study
We propose to use NICMOS to investigate the multiplicity of young stellar objects (YSOs) in the Orion B molecular cloud. Previous observations with the Spitzer Space Telescope have revealed a remarkable star forming filament near the NGC 2068 reflection nebula. The population of YSOs associated with
the filament exhibit a surprisingly wide range of circumstellar evolutionary states, from deeply embedded protostars to T Tauri accretion disks. Many of the circumstellar disks themselves show evidence for significant dust evolution, including grain growth and settling and cleared inner holes, apparently in spite of the very young age of these stars. We will estimate the binary fraction of a representative sample of objects in these various stages of evolution in order to test whether companions may play a significant role in that evolution.
We propose to obtain NICMOS imaging of a sample of YSOs in the embedded
cluster NGC 2068. Our sample is drawn from a pool of some 60 objects in the
vicinity of the star forming filament. We have selected a representative sample
of targets in each of the following categories: typical accretion disks, evolved
disks, and Class I protostellar objects. We require a sufficient number
of targets to enable at least a preliminary statistical analysis of binary frequency
and (to a lesser extent) binary mass ratio for each class. Thus, our final sample
includes roughly a dozen objects in each category.
Our observations will utilize NIC1 in MULTIACCUM mode with filters F110W and
F160W. Each target will be observed with a 2x2 or 3x3 spiral dither pattern.
Observations at two filters are needed for color information, which will allow
a rough estimation of companion masses and extinctions via a color-magnitude
diagram analysis. We require exposure depths that will probe a complete mass
range extending well below the hydrogen burning limit and with an extinction
limit comparable to the typical range for known members. The range of colors
spanned by the YSO population indicates that the vast majority of YSOs have
intrinsic A_V < 10; most of the objects with larger extinction are deeply
embedded protostars. We thus aim for completeness limits of 0.025 Msun
with A_V < 10, or 0.1 Msun with A_V < 20. Given the distance of about 400 pc,
limiting magnitudes of J<20, H<19.5 should reach these mass and extinction limits,
requiring exposure times of 200 seconds at both F110W and F160W.
The target sample spans a large range of magnitude, from J ~ 10 to an upper limit
of J < 17 for the deeply embedded protostars not detected by 2MASS. Many of
the brighter sources will saturate in much less than 200 seconds, and any close
faint/red companions might be lost in the PSF wings. For these cases, we will use
5-20 second exposures with multiple iterations, resulting in limiting magnitudes of
J<17.5 and H<17 and mass/extinction limits of roughly 0.025 Msun and
A_V = 0 or 0.1 Msun with A_V < 10. Given the NIC1 pixel scale of 0.043" per pixel,
companion separations of > 50 AU should be easily resolved; we should detect
equal mass binaries as close as about 30 AU.
Our sample includes a total of 37 targets. Including all the appropriate
overheads, our proposed observations require a total of 26 orbits.
STAR FORMATION
12
false
0.0
0.0
false
false
false
false
false
false
SUPPORTED
STAR
YSO
J=16.8, (J-K)=4.9
J2000
05 46 3.6300
-00 14 49.50
J2000
STAR
YSO
J=14.7, (J-K)=4.5
J2000
05 46 13.1500
-00 06 4.90
J2000
STAR
YSO
J=13.7, (J-K)=4.7
J2000
05 46 4.7800
-00 14 16.30
J2000
STAR
YSO
J>17
J2000
05 46 7.2500
-00 13 29.80
J2000
STAR
YSO
J=17.8, (J-K)=3.4
J2000
05 46 8.0700
-00 14 5.00
J2000
STAR
YSO
J=15.9, (J-K)=4.7
J2000
05 46 8.5000
-00 10 3.00
J2000
STAR
YSO
J=16.9, (J-K)=2.0
J2000
05 46 14.2300
-00 05 26.20
J2000
STAR
YSO
J=16.8, (J-K)=3.4
J2000
05 46 33.1600
+00 00 2.20
J2000
STAR
YSO
J=18.5, (J-K)=3.6
J2000
05 46 37.5500
+00 00 33.70
J2000
STAR
YSO
J>17
J2000
05 46 46.5900
+00 00 29.70
J2000
STAR
YSO
J=18.2, (J-K)=3.5
J2000
05 46 47.6800
+00 00 25.00
J2000
STAR
YSO
J=18.2, (J-K)=3.5
J2000
05 46 47.6800
+00 00 25.00
J2000
STAR
T TAURI STAR
J=11.9, (J-K)=0.9
J2000
05 45 41.9448
-00 12 5.44
J2000
STAR
T TAURI STAR
J=12.8, (J-K)=1.1
J2000
05 45 53.1144
-00 13 24.92
J2000
STAR
T TAURI STAR
J=12.1, (J-K)=1.1
J2000
05 45 56.3136
+00 07 8.51
J2000
STAR
T TAURI STAR
J=13.5, (J-K)=1.4
J2000
05 45 57.9336
+00 02 48.73
J2000
STAR
T TAURI STAR
J=9.8, (J-K)=1.4
J2000
05 46 7.8888
-00 11 56.94
J2000
STAR
T TAURI STAR
J=11.2, (J-K)=1.5
J2000
05 46 18.9024
-00 05 38.18
J2000
STAR
T TAURI STAR
J=11.5, (J-K)=1.3
J2000
05 46 22.4328
-00 08 52.55
J2000
STAR
T TAURI STAR
J=12.7, (J-K)=1.6
J2000
05 46 34.9008
+00 04 20.60
J2000
STAR
T TAURI STAR
J=12.0, (J-K)=2.2
J2000
05 46 34.5456
+00 06 43.56
J2000
STAR
T TAURI STAR
J=11.2, (J-K)=1.5
J2000
05 46 58.1424
+00 05 38.15
J2000
STAR
T TAURI STAR
J=13.1, (J-K)=1.2
J2000
05 47 16.5960
-00 00 56.30
J2000
STAR
T TAURI STAR
J=14.8, (J-K)=1.5
J2000
05 45 49.5528
-00 08 38.98
J2000
STAR
T TAURI STAR
J=13.9, (J-K)=2.7
J2000
05 46 11.6208
-00 06 27.86
J2000
STAR
T TAURI STAR
J=14.6, (J-K)=1.1
J2000
05 46 12.2568
-00 08 7.69
J2000
STAR
T TAURI STAR
J=10.6, (J-K)=2.8
J2000
05 46 19.0488
+00 03 29.48
J2000
STAR
T TAURI STAR
J=10.7, (J-K)=1.7
J2000
05 46 19.4520
-00 05 20.04
J2000
STAR
T TAURI STAR
J=15.4, (J-K)=2.4
J2000
05 46 21.0576
-00 12 9.18
J2000
STAR
T TAURI STAR
J=11.7, (J-K)=2.1
J2000
05 46 37.0560
+00 01 21.72
J2000
STAR
T TAURI STAR
J=12.9, (J-K)=2.4
J2000
05 46 53.5824
+00 00 5.87
J2000
STAR
T TAURI STAR
J=11.4, (J-K)=1.1
J2000
05 47 6.9504
+00 00 47.84
J2000
STAR
T TAURI STAR
J=10.7, (J-K)=1.5
J2000
05 47 13.8480
+00 00 17.17
J2000
STAR
T TAURI STAR
J=13.8, (J-K)=1.1
J2000
05 47 19.7160
+00 01 21.83
J2000
STAR
T TAURI STAR
J=12.1, (J-K)=1.1
J2000
05 47 19.7160
+00 01 21.83
J2000
STAR
T TAURI STAR
J=13.1, (J-K)=1.7
J2000
05 47 19.7160
+00 01 21.83
J2000
STAR
T TAURI STAR
J=13.4, (J-K)=2.5
J2000
05 47 19.7160
+00 01 21.83
J2000
STAR
T TAURI STAR
J=13.4, (J-K)=2.3
J2000
05 47 19.7160
+00 01 21.83
J2000
NIC1
Imaging
No
No
F110W
NIC1
Imaging
No
No
F160W
NIC1
Imaging
No
No
F110W
NIC1
Imaging
No
No
F160W
NIC1
Imaging
No
No
F110W
NIC1
Imaging
No
No
F160W
NIC1
Imaging
No
No
F110W
NIC1
Imaging
No
No
F160W
NIC1
Imaging
No
No
F110W
NIC1
Imaging
No
No
F160W
NIC1
Imaging
No
No
F110W
NIC1
Imaging
No
No
F160W
NIC1
Imaging
No
No
F110W
NIC1
Imaging
No
No
F160W
NIC1
Imaging
No
No
F110W
NIC1
Imaging
No
No
F160W
NIC1
Imaging
No
No
F110W
NIC1
Imaging
No
No
F160W
NIC1
Imaging
No
No
F110W
NIC1
Imaging
No
No
F160W
NIC1
Imaging
No
No
F110W
NIC1
Imaging
No
No
F160W
NIC1
Imaging
No
No
F110W
NIC1
Imaging
No
No
F160W
NIC1
Imaging
No
No
F110W
NIC1
Imaging
No
No
F160W
NIC1
Imaging
No
No
F110W
NIC1
Imaging
No
No
F160W
NIC1
Imaging
No
No
F110W
NIC1
Imaging
No
No
F160W
NIC1
Imaging
No
No
F110W
NIC1
Imaging
No
No
F160W
NIC1
Imaging
No
No
F110W
NIC1
Imaging
No
No
F160W
NIC1
Imaging
No
No
F110W
NIC1
Imaging
No
No
F160W
NIC1
Imaging
No
No
F110W
NIC1
Imaging
No
No
F160W
NIC1
Imaging
No
No
F110W
NIC1
Imaging
No
No
F160W
NIC1
Imaging
No
No
F110W
NIC1
Imaging
No
No
F160W
NIC1
Imaging
No
No
F110W
NIC1
Imaging
No
No
F160W
NIC1
Imaging
No
No
F110W
NIC1
Imaging
No
No
F160W
NIC1
Imaging
No
No
F110W
NIC1
Imaging
No
No
F160W
NIC1
Imaging
No
No
F110W
NIC1
Imaging
No
No
F160W
NIC1
Imaging
No
No
F110W
NIC1
Imaging
No
No
F160W
NIC1
Imaging
No
No
F110W
NIC1
Imaging
No
No
F160W
NIC1
Imaging
No
No
F110W
NIC1
Imaging
No
No
F160W
NIC1
Imaging
No
No
F110W
NIC1
Imaging
No
No
F160W
NIC1
Imaging
No
No
F110W
NIC1
Imaging
No
No
F160W
NIC1
Imaging
No
No
F110W
NIC1
Imaging
No
No
F160W
NIC1
Imaging
No
No
F110W
NIC1
Imaging
No
No
F160W
NIC1
Imaging
No
No
F110W
NIC1
Imaging
No
No
F160W
NIC1
Imaging
No
No
F110W
NIC1
Imaging
No
No
F160W
NIC1
Imaging
No
No
F110W
NIC1
Imaging
No
No
F160W
NIC1
Imaging
No
No
F110W
NIC1
Imaging
No
No
F160W
NIC1
Imaging
No
No
F110W
NIC1
Imaging
No
No
F160W
POS-TARG
DITHER
DITHER
2.3
NIC-XSTRIP-DITH
false
true
4
0.0
POS-TARG
NIC-SPIRAL-DITH
0.0
1
false
CELESTIAL
MOSAIC
MOSAIC
2
5.4
NIC-MAP
false
false
2.2
3
270.0
CELESTIAL
NIC-MAP
0.0
2
true
POS-TARG
DITHER
DITHER
1.6
NIC-XSTRIP-DITH
false
true
9
0.0
POS-TARG
NIC-SPIRAL-DITH
0.0
3
false
CELESTIAL
MOSAIC
MOSAIC
2
5.4
NIC-MAP
false
true
5.4
3
270.0
CELESTIAL
NIC-MAP
0.0
4
true
POS-TARG
DITHER
DITHER
1.6
NIC-XSTRIP-DITH
false
true
11
0.0
POS-TARG
NIC-SPIRAL-DITH
0.0
5
false
POS-TARG
DITHER
DITHER
1.6
NIC-XSTRIP-DITH
false
true
12
0.0
POS-TARG
NIC-SPIRAL-DITH
0.0
6
false
POS-TARG
DITHER
DITHER
1.6
NIC-XSTRIP-DITH
false
false
6
0.0
POS-TARG
NIC-SPIRAL-DITH
0.0
7
false
POS-TARG
DITHER
0.572
LINE
0.365
false
false
74.653
4
18.528
WFC3-IR-DITHER-BOX-MIN
8
false
POS-TARG
DITHER
0.636
LINE
false
false
8
41.788
WFC3-IR-DITHER-LINE
9
false
The scheduling data was generated by CASM 17.2.
CASM was run in Phase II mode.
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true
1
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The scheduling data was generated by CASM 17.2.
CASM was run in Phase II mode.
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The scheduling data was generated by CASM 17.2.
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The scheduling data was generated by CASM 17.2.
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The scheduling data was generated by CASM 17.2.
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The scheduling data was generated by CASM 17.2.
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The scheduling data was generated by CASM 17.2.
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The scheduling data was generated by CASM 17.2.
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The scheduling data was generated by CASM 17.2.
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(Tic-Obset
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(Tic-Orbit
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:low-sky "N"
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)
true
1
0
The scheduling data was generated by CASM 17.2.
CASM was run in Phase II mode.
N351, N373
1254869054000
275.5995938794349
(Tic-Visit
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(Tic-Obset
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(Tic-Orbit
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:low-sky "N"
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)
true
1
0
The scheduling data was generated by CASM 17.2.
CASM was run in Phase II mode.
N618
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252.56114470172815
(Tic-Visit
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(Tic-Obset
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(Tic-Orbit
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)
true
1
0
The scheduling data was generated by CASM 17.2.
CASM was run in Phase II mode.
N741, N776
(Tic-Visit
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(Tic-Obset
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(Tic-Orbit
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:dark-offset NIL
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:low-sky "N"
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)
false
1
0
The scheduling data was generated by CASM 17.2.
CASM was run in Phase II mode.
N739, N715
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336.91373543448117
(Tic-Visit
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(Tic-Obset
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(Tic-Orbit
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:dark-offset NIL
:dark-utilization 0
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)
true
1
0
The scheduling data was generated by CASM 17.2.
CASM was run in Phase II mode.
N998
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258.47272647763185
(Tic-Visit
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(Tic-Obset
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(Tic-Orbit
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:dark-offset NIL
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)
true
1
0
The scheduling data was generated by CASM 17.2.
CASM was run in Phase II mode.
N1284, N1211
(Tic-Visit
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(Tic-Obset
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(Tic-Orbit
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:dark-offset NIL
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:low-sky "N"
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)
true
1
0
The scheduling data was generated by CASM 17.2.
CASM was run in Phase II mode.
N513, N519
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259.0608239687071
(Tic-Visit
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(Tic-Obset
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)
(Tic-Orbit
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:dark-offset NIL
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:low-sky "N"
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)
true
1
0
The scheduling data was generated by CASM 17.2.
CASM was run in Phase II mode.
N584, N628
1219151483000
255.97811626666464
(Tic-Visit
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)
(Tic-Obset
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)
(Tic-Orbit
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:dark-offset NIL
:dark-utilization 0
:max-dark-utilization 1920
:low-sky "N"
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)
true
1
0
The scheduling data was generated by CASM 17.2.
CASM was run in Phase II mode.
N602
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(Tic-Visit
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)
(Tic-Obset
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)
(Tic-Orbit
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:si-vis-utilization 2663
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:dark-offset NIL
:dark-utilization 0
:max-dark-utilization 1920
:low-sky "N"
:pcs-visibility 3132
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)
true
1
0
The scheduling data was generated by CASM 17.2.
CASM was run in Phase II mode.
N1116
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(Tic-Visit
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(Tic-Obset
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)
(Tic-Orbit
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:dark-offset NIL
:dark-utilization 0
:max-dark-utilization 1920
:low-sky "N"
:pcs-visibility 3132
:pcs-gap 0
)
true
1
0
The scheduling data was generated by CASM 17.2.
CASM was run in Phase II mode.
N1284
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259.4674588787519
(Tic-Visit
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:si-bright-earth-limb-angle 20.0
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:coron NIL
)
(Tic-Obset
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:pcs-mode "FGS"
)
(Tic-Orbit
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:orbit-number 1
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:si-vis-utilization 2580
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:dark-offset NIL
:dark-utilization 0
:max-dark-utilization 1920
:low-sky "N"
:pcs-visibility 3132
:pcs-gap 0
)
true
1
0
The scheduling data was generated by CASM 17.2.
CASM was run in Phase II mode.
N250
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259.58562931749475
(Tic-Visit
:proposal-id 11205
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:number-of-orbits 1
:saa-model "23"
:si-bright-earth-limb-angle 20.0
:data-volume 119264
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:coron NIL
)
(Tic-Obset
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:obset-id "26"
:pcs-mode "FGS"
)
(Tic-Orbit
:proposal-id 11205
:visit-id "26"
:orbit-number 1
:pcs-time 355
:si-vis-utilization 2663
:al-overhead-at-end 0
:internal-dur-at-end 66
:dark-offset NIL
:dark-utilization 0
:max-dark-utilization 1920
:low-sky "N"
:pcs-visibility 3132
:pcs-gap 0
)
true
1
0
The scheduling data was generated by CASM 17.2.
CASM was run in Phase II mode.
HH 22, N581
1219450478000
254.99649443004466
(Tic-Visit
:proposal-id 11205
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:trans-version "20090130"
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:trans-errors '(:WARNINGS 0 :ERRORS 0 :HEALTH-AND-SAFETY 0
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:saa-model "23"
:si-bright-earth-limb-angle 20.0
:data-volume 388752
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:coron NIL
)
(Tic-Obset
:proposal-id 11205
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:pcs-mode "FGS"
)
(Tic-Orbit
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:visit-id "04"
:orbit-number 1
:pcs-time 355
:si-vis-utilization 2565
:al-overhead-at-end 0
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:dark-offset NIL
:dark-utilization 0
:max-dark-utilization 1920
:low-sky "N"
:pcs-visibility 3132
:pcs-gap 0
)
true
1
0
The scheduling data was generated by CASM 17.2.
CASM was run in Phase II mode.
C1-20, N760
1220025893000
260.39106178429864
(Tic-Visit
:proposal-id 11205
:visit-id "08"
:proposal-version -1
:trans-version "20090130"
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:trans-errors '(:WARNINGS 0 :ERRORS 0 :HEALTH-AND-SAFETY 0
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:number-of-orbits 1
:saa-model "23"
:si-bright-earth-limb-angle 20.0
:data-volume 428496
:tdrss-contact-duration 0
:coron NIL
)
(Tic-Obset
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:obset-id "08"
:pcs-mode "FGS"
)
(Tic-Orbit
:proposal-id 11205
:visit-id "08"
:orbit-number 1
:pcs-time 355
:si-vis-utilization 2752
:al-overhead-at-end 0
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:dark-offset NIL
:dark-utilization 0
:max-dark-utilization 1920
:low-sky "N"
:pcs-visibility 3132
:pcs-gap 0
)
true
1
0
The scheduling data was generated by CASM 17.2.
CASM was run in Phase II mode.
ORIBSMM 39B
1220014385000
265.07856220570363
(Tic-Visit
:proposal-id 11205
:visit-id "10"
:proposal-version -1
:trans-version "20090130"
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:trans-errors '(:WARNINGS 0 :ERRORS 0 :HEALTH-AND-SAFETY 0
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:number-of-orbits 1
:saa-model "23"
:si-bright-earth-limb-angle 20.0
:data-volume 119264
:tdrss-contact-duration 0
:coron NIL
)
(Tic-Obset
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:visit-id "10"
:obset-id "10"
:pcs-mode "FGS"
)
(Tic-Orbit
:proposal-id 11205
:visit-id "10"
:orbit-number 1
:pcs-time 355
:si-vis-utilization 2745
:al-overhead-at-end 0
:internal-dur-at-end 69
:dark-offset NIL
:dark-utilization 0
:max-dark-utilization 1920
:low-sky "N"
:pcs-visibility 3132
:pcs-gap 0
)
true
1
0
The scheduling data was generated by CASM 17.2.
CASM was run in Phase II mode.
ORIBSMM 39C, N954
1254790673000
275.22327312903195
(Tic-Visit
:proposal-id 11205
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:trans-version "20090130"
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:trans-errors '(:WARNINGS 0 :ERRORS 0 :HEALTH-AND-SAFETY 0
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:number-of-orbits 1
:saa-model "30"
:si-bright-earth-limb-angle 20.0
:data-volume 1601600
:tdrss-contact-duration 0
:coron NIL
)
(Tic-Obset
:proposal-id 11205
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:obset-id "11"
:pcs-mode "FGS"
)
(Tic-Orbit
:proposal-id 11205
:visit-id "11"
:orbit-number 1
:pcs-time 333
:si-vis-utilization 2777
:al-overhead-at-end 0
:internal-dur-at-end 516
:dark-offset NIL
:dark-utilization 0
:max-dark-utilization 1920
:low-sky "N"
:pcs-visibility 3132
:pcs-gap 0
)
true
1
0