Multiple Generations of Stars in Massive Galactic Globular Clusters
This is a follow-up to recent HST imaging of NGC 2808, which discovered that its main sequence is triple, with three well-separated parallel branches (Fig.~1).
Along with the double MS of Omega Centauri, this challenges the long-held paradigm that globular clusters are simple, single stellar populations. The cause of this main sequence multiplicity in both clusters is likely to be differences in helium abundance, which could play a fundamental role in the understanding of stellar populations. We propose to image seven more of the most massive globular clusters, to examine their main sequences for indications of splitting.
Our aim here is accurate differential photometry, with an emphasis on the color relative to the main sequence so that we can look for any broadening or splitting of the sequence.
Our aim, then is to randomize as many sources of error as possible. So, we take each exposure at a different dither so that a given star will sample both different pixels (thus randomizing the flat-fielding errors) and different pixel phases (thus randomizing much of the PSF error). The dithers are such that we good pixel-phase coverage in both the WF and the PC.
We chose for each cluster a field that was not so dense that the target main-sequence stars would interferere with each other, but not so sparse that we would not collect a good sample.
RESOLVED STELLAR POPULATIONS
12
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SUPPORTED
STELLAR CLUSTER
GLOBULAR CLUSTER
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J2000
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STELLAR CLUSTER
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J2000
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J2000
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J2000
STELLAR CLUSTER
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J2000
18 36 24.2000
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J2000
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J2000
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J2000
STELLAR CLUSTER
GLOBULAR CLUSTER
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J2000
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J2000
STELLAR CLUSTER
GLOBULAR CLUSTER
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J2000
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WFPC2
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F450W
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F814W
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:pcs-time 355
:si-vis-utilization 2720
:al-overhead-at-end 160
:internal-dur-at-end 0
:dark-offset NIL
:dark-utilization 0
:max-dark-utilization 1920
:low-sky "N"
:pcs-visibility 3137
:pcs-gap 0
)
(Tic-Orbit
:proposal-id 11233
:visit-id "10"
:orbit-number 4
:pcs-time 355
:si-vis-utilization 2720
:al-overhead-at-end 160
:internal-dur-at-end 0
:dark-offset NIL
:dark-utilization 0
:max-dark-utilization 1920
:low-sky "N"
:pcs-visibility 3137
:pcs-gap 0
)
(Tic-Orbit
:proposal-id 11233
:visit-id "10"
:orbit-number 5
:pcs-time 355
:si-vis-utilization 2700
:al-overhead-at-end 180
:internal-dur-at-end 0
:dark-offset NIL
:dark-utilization 0
:max-dark-utilization 1920
:low-sky "N"
:pcs-visibility 3137
:pcs-gap 0
)
false
5
0
Same orient constraint links visits (51 52 53)
The scheduling data was generated by CASM 17.2.
CASM was run in Phase II mode.
> Dear Dr. Piotto,
>
> On June 24, 2009, you submitted the attached PCR
> (HOPR) 1651 for your program 11233.
>
> After reviewing the request, the Telescope Time
> Review Board (TTRB) approves your PCR to
> move 5 WFPC2 orbits from visit 50 to
> 3 orbits of WFC3, giving 2 orbits back to the pool.
> The added parallel exposures also seem reasonable.
>
> Dr. Claus Leitherer, Head of Science Policies Group,
> has concurred in our recommendation.
>
> The planning of your observations will be subject to the usual reviews.
>
> We wish you success in your observations!
>
> With best regards,
>
> Ralph Bohlin
> For the Telescope Time Review Board
> Space Telescope Science Institute
>
> e-mailed to PI/PC: Piotto/Vick
>
> cc: Jay Anderson, Ralph Bohlin, Stefano Casertano,
> Tomas Dahlen, Helmut Jenkner, Jennifer Mack, Denise
> Taylor, Bill Workman, Dave Adler, Tony Roman, Claus Leitherer
>
> From: webadm@stsci.edu
> Date: June 24, 2009 4:48:46 AM EDT
> To: ttrb@stsci.edu, prop-history@stsci.edu, giampaolo.piotto@unipd.it
> Subject: HOPR Request 1651 for Program 11233
> Reply-To: aroman@stsci.edu
>
> ++++++++++
> ___________________________________________
> | |
> | HST OBSERVATION PROBLEM REPORT |
> |___________________________________________|
>
>
> Request #: 1651
>
> Submitted by: Giampaolo Piotto
> PI Name: Piotto
> PC Name: VICK
> Program: 11233
> Title: Multiple Generations of Stars in Massive Galactic Globular
> Clusters
> Visit(s): 10,50
> Observation Date: june 20, 2008
> Observation ID(s): ua2l10*
>
> Type of Failure: Telescope or SI Performance Problem
>
> Description of Failure:
>
> No or very few photons were acquired during visit 10. As notified by an e-mail
> by opsadmin@stsci.edu on June 2008, the images listed below are indeed degraded
> because the Fine Guidance Sensors did not reacquire the guide stars at June 20,
> 2008. On July 29, 2008 we submitted an HOPR (Report 1550), requiring a repeat of
> the five orbits of Visit 10 of GO11233. The request was accepted, as notified on
> July 30, 2008, and visit 10 was re-scheduled as visit 50 of the same program.
> Visit 50 was never acquired.
>
> Justification/Action Requested for Repeat/Time Credit:
>
> As WFPC2 is not available any more, we request to substitute the 5 WFPC2 orbits
> of visit 10 (re-scheduled as visit 50 after our HOPR) with 3 orbits with
> WFC3-UVIS+NIR in order to acquire:
>
> 6 exposures of ~800s in WFC3/UVIS F390W (2 orbits, 6 pointings)
> 10 exposures of ~200s in WFC3/NIR F160W (1 orbits, 10 pointings)
> IF POSSIBLE, we also request to collect, in parallel
> 4 exposures of ~800s in ACS/WFC F450W
> 4 exposures of ~150s in ACS/WFC F814W
>
> Please, note that for the purpose of accurate photometry, as we need, dithering
> of the images is of fundamental importance. For this reason we need at least as
> many independent dither pointings as listed above.
>
> If also WFC/ACS parallel images will be possible, they will allow us to double
> the science output. ACS/WFC has been very useful within our project, allowing us
> to discover the spectacular triple main sequence in the globular cluster NGC2808
> (Piotto et al. 2007, ApJ, 661, L53)
>
> Note that we request 2 orbits less than the originally scheduled visit 10 and
> rescheduled visit 50, still obtaining the same science output. Note also that
> the proposed observing strategy is very similar to the observing strategy of
> GO11739 (same project), allowing us a direct comparison of the sequences of M15
> (target of visit 10 of GO11233) and the two targets of GO11739, with additional
> science benefits.
>
>
(Tic-Visit
:proposal-id 11233
:visit-id "51"
:proposal-version -1
:trans-version "20090130"
:date "08-Jul-2009 11:22:12.0"
:trans-errors '(:WARNINGS 0 :ERRORS 0 :HEALTH-AND-SAFETY 0
:FATAL-ERRORS 0 :CONTINUABLE-FATALS 0)
:number-of-orbits 1
:saa-model "29"
:si-bright-earth-limb-angle 20.0
:data-volume 2003136
:tdrss-contact-duration 0
:coron NIL
)
(Tic-Obset
:proposal-id 11233
:visit-id "51"
:obset-id "51"
:pcs-mode "FGS"
)
(Tic-Orbit
:proposal-id 11233
:visit-id "51"
:orbit-number 1
:pcs-time 355
:si-vis-utilization 2782
:al-overhead-at-end 115
:internal-dur-at-end 1019
:dark-offset NIL
:dark-utilization 0
:max-dark-utilization 1920
:low-sky "N"
:pcs-visibility 3137
:pcs-gap 0
)
false
1
0
Same orient constraint links visits (51 52 53)
The scheduling data was generated by CASM 17.2.
CASM was run in Phase II mode.
> Dear Dr. Piotto,
>
> On June 24, 2009, you submitted the attached PCR
> (HOPR) 1651 for your program 11233.
>
> After reviewing the request, the Telescope Time
> Review Board (TTRB) approves your PCR to
> move 5 WFPC2 orbits from visit 50 to
> 3 orbits of WFC3, giving 2 orbits back to the pool.
> The added parallel exposures also seem reasonable.
>
> Dr. Claus Leitherer, Head of Science Policies Group,
> has concurred in our recommendation.
>
> The planning of your observations will be subject to the usual reviews.
>
> We wish you success in your observations!
>
> With best regards,
>
> Ralph Bohlin
> For the Telescope Time Review Board
> Space Telescope Science Institute
>
> e-mailed to PI/PC: Piotto/Vick
>
> cc: Jay Anderson, Ralph Bohlin, Stefano Casertano,
> Tomas Dahlen, Helmut Jenkner, Jennifer Mack, Denise
> Taylor, Bill Workman, Dave Adler, Tony Roman, Claus Leitherer
>
> From: webadm@stsci.edu
> Date: June 24, 2009 4:48:46 AM EDT
> To: ttrb@stsci.edu, prop-history@stsci.edu, giampaolo.piotto@unipd.it
> Subject: HOPR Request 1651 for Program 11233
> Reply-To: aroman@stsci.edu
>
> ++++++++++
> ___________________________________________
> | |
> | HST OBSERVATION PROBLEM REPORT |
> |___________________________________________|
>
>
> Request #: 1651
>
> Submitted by: Giampaolo Piotto
> PI Name: Piotto
> PC Name: VICK
> Program: 11233
> Title: Multiple Generations of Stars in Massive Galactic Globular
> Clusters
> Visit(s): 10,50
> Observation Date: june 20, 2008
> Observation ID(s): ua2l10*
>
> Type of Failure: Telescope or SI Performance Problem
>
> Description of Failure:
>
> No or very few photons were acquired during visit 10. As notified by an e-mail
> by opsadmin@stsci.edu on June 2008, the images listed below are indeed degraded
> because the Fine Guidance Sensors did not reacquire the guide stars at June 20,
> 2008. On July 29, 2008 we submitted an HOPR (Report 1550), requiring a repeat of
> the five orbits of Visit 10 of GO11233. The request was accepted, as notified on
> July 30, 2008, and visit 10 was re-scheduled as visit 50 of the same program.
> Visit 50 was never acquired.
>
> Justification/Action Requested for Repeat/Time Credit:
>
> As WFPC2 is not available any more, we request to substitute the 5 WFPC2 orbits
> of visit 10 (re-scheduled as visit 50 after our HOPR) with 3 orbits with
> WFC3-UVIS+NIR in order to acquire:
>
> 6 exposures of ~800s in WFC3/UVIS F390W (2 orbits, 6 pointings)
> 10 exposures of ~200s in WFC3/NIR F160W (1 orbits, 10 pointings)
> IF POSSIBLE, we also request to collect, in parallel
> 4 exposures of ~800s in ACS/WFC F450W
> 4 exposures of ~150s in ACS/WFC F814W
>
> Please, note that for the purpose of accurate photometry, as we need, dithering
> of the images is of fundamental importance. For this reason we need at least as
> many independent dither pointings as listed above.
>
> If also WFC/ACS parallel images will be possible, they will allow us to double
> the science output. ACS/WFC has been very useful within our project, allowing us
> to discover the spectacular triple main sequence in the globular cluster NGC2808
> (Piotto et al. 2007, ApJ, 661, L53)
>
> Note that we request 2 orbits less than the originally scheduled visit 10 and
> rescheduled visit 50, still obtaining the same science output. Note also that
> the proposed observing strategy is very similar to the observing strategy of
> GO11739 (same project), allowing us a direct comparison of the sequences of M15
> (target of visit 10 of GO11233) and the two targets of GO11739, with additional
> science benefits.
>
>
(Tic-Visit
:proposal-id 11233
:visit-id "52"
:proposal-version -1
:trans-version "20090130"
:date "08-Jul-2009 11:22:13.0"
:trans-errors '(:WARNINGS 0 :ERRORS 0 :HEALTH-AND-SAFETY 0
:FATAL-ERRORS 0 :CONTINUABLE-FATALS 0)
:number-of-orbits 1
:saa-model "29"
:si-bright-earth-limb-angle 20.0
:data-volume 2003136
:tdrss-contact-duration 0
:coron NIL
)
(Tic-Obset
:proposal-id 11233
:visit-id "52"
:obset-id "52"
:pcs-mode "FGS"
)
(Tic-Orbit
:proposal-id 11233
:visit-id "52"
:orbit-number 1
:pcs-time 355
:si-vis-utilization 2782
:al-overhead-at-end 115
:internal-dur-at-end 1019
:dark-offset NIL
:dark-utilization 0
:max-dark-utilization 1920
:low-sky "N"
:pcs-visibility 3137
:pcs-gap 0
)
false
1
0
Same orient constraint links visits (51 52 53)
The scheduling data was generated by CASM 17.2.
CASM was run in Phase II mode.
> Dear Dr. Piotto,
>
> On June 24, 2009, you submitted the attached PCR
> (HOPR) 1651 for your program 11233.
>
> After reviewing the request, the Telescope Time
> Review Board (TTRB) approves your PCR to
> move 5 WFPC2 orbits from visit 50 to
> 3 orbits of WFC3, giving 2 orbits back to the pool.
> The added parallel exposures also seem reasonable.
>
> Dr. Claus Leitherer, Head of Science Policies Group,
> has concurred in our recommendation.
>
> The planning of your observations will be subject to the usual reviews.
>
> We wish you success in your observations!
>
> With best regards,
>
> Ralph Bohlin
> For the Telescope Time Review Board
> Space Telescope Science Institute
>
> e-mailed to PI/PC: Piotto/Vick
>
> cc: Jay Anderson, Ralph Bohlin, Stefano Casertano,
> Tomas Dahlen, Helmut Jenkner, Jennifer Mack, Denise
> Taylor, Bill Workman, Dave Adler, Tony Roman, Claus Leitherer
>
> From: webadm@stsci.edu
> Date: June 24, 2009 4:48:46 AM EDT
> To: ttrb@stsci.edu, prop-history@stsci.edu, giampaolo.piotto@unipd.it
> Subject: HOPR Request 1651 for Program 11233
> Reply-To: aroman@stsci.edu
>
> ++++++++++
> ___________________________________________
> | |
> | HST OBSERVATION PROBLEM REPORT |
> |___________________________________________|
>
>
> Request #: 1651
>
> Submitted by: Giampaolo Piotto
> PI Name: Piotto
> PC Name: VICK
> Program: 11233
> Title: Multiple Generations of Stars in Massive Galactic Globular
> Clusters
> Visit(s): 10,50
> Observation Date: june 20, 2008
> Observation ID(s): ua2l10*
>
> Type of Failure: Telescope or SI Performance Problem
>
> Description of Failure:
>
> No or very few photons were acquired during visit 10. As notified by an e-mail
> by opsadmin@stsci.edu on June 2008, the images listed below are indeed degraded
> because the Fine Guidance Sensors did not reacquire the guide stars at June 20,
> 2008. On July 29, 2008 we submitted an HOPR (Report 1550), requiring a repeat of
> the five orbits of Visit 10 of GO11233. The request was accepted, as notified on
> July 30, 2008, and visit 10 was re-scheduled as visit 50 of the same program.
> Visit 50 was never acquired.
>
> Justification/Action Requested for Repeat/Time Credit:
>
> As WFPC2 is not available any more, we request to substitute the 5 WFPC2 orbits
> of visit 10 (re-scheduled as visit 50 after our HOPR) with 3 orbits with
> WFC3-UVIS+NIR in order to acquire:
>
> 6 exposures of ~800s in WFC3/UVIS F390W (2 orbits, 6 pointings)
> 10 exposures of ~200s in WFC3/NIR F160W (1 orbits, 10 pointings)
> IF POSSIBLE, we also request to collect, in parallel
> 4 exposures of ~800s in ACS/WFC F450W
> 4 exposures of ~150s in ACS/WFC F814W
>
> Please, note that for the purpose of accurate photometry, as we need, dithering
> of the images is of fundamental importance. For this reason we need at least as
> many independent dither pointings as listed above.
>
> If also WFC/ACS parallel images will be possible, they will allow us to double
> the science output. ACS/WFC has been very useful within our project, allowing us
> to discover the spectacular triple main sequence in the globular cluster NGC2808
> (Piotto et al. 2007, ApJ, 661, L53)
>
> Note that we request 2 orbits less than the originally scheduled visit 10 and
> rescheduled visit 50, still obtaining the same science output. Note also that
> the proposed observing strategy is very similar to the observing strategy of
> GO11739 (same project), allowing us a direct comparison of the sequences of M15
> (target of visit 10 of GO11233) and the two targets of GO11739, with additional
> science benefits.
>
>
(Tic-Visit
:proposal-id 11233
:visit-id "53"
:proposal-version -1
:trans-version "20090130"
:date "08-Jul-2009 11:22:16.0"
:trans-errors '(:WARNINGS 0 :ERRORS 0 :HEALTH-AND-SAFETY 0
:FATAL-ERRORS 0 :CONTINUABLE-FATALS 0)
:number-of-orbits 1
:saa-model "30"
:si-bright-earth-limb-angle 20.0
:data-volume 1955520
:tdrss-contact-duration 0
:coron NIL
)
(Tic-Obset
:proposal-id 11233
:visit-id "53"
:obset-id "53"
:pcs-mode "FGS"
)
(Tic-Orbit
:proposal-id 11233
:visit-id "53"
:orbit-number 1
:pcs-time 355
:si-vis-utilization 2782
:al-overhead-at-end 0
:internal-dur-at-end 1017
:dark-offset NIL
:dark-utilization 0
:max-dark-utilization 1920
:low-sky "N"
:pcs-visibility 3137
:pcs-gap 0
)
false
1
0