The origin of the break in the AGN luminosity function

The origin of the break in the AGN luminosity function We propose to use NICMOS imaging to measure rest-frame optical luminosities and morphological properties of a complete sample of faint AGN host galaxies at redshifts z ~ 1.4. The targets are drawn from the VLT-VIMOS Deep Survey, and they constitute a sample of the lowest luminosity type 1 AGN known at z > 1. The spectroscopically estimated black hole masses are up to an order of magnitude higher than expected given their nuclear luminosities, implying highly sub-Eddington accretion rates. This exactly matches the prediction made by recent theoretical models of AGN evolution, according to which the faint end of the AGN luminosity function is populated mainly by big black holes that have already exhausted a good part of their fuel. In this proposal we want to test further predictions of that hypothesis, by focussing on the host galaxy properties of our low-luminosity, low-accretion AGN. If the local ratio between black hole and bulge masses holds at least approximately at these redshifts, one expects most of these low-luminosity AGN to reside in fairly big ellipticals with stellar masses around and above 10^11 solar masses (in contrast to the Seyfert phenomenon in the local universe). With NICMOS imaging we will find out whether that is true, implying also a sensitive test for the validity of the M_BH/M_bulge relation at z ~ 1.4.

Instrument configuration: We wish to sample the rest-frame optical range of the AGN host galaxies at the longest possible wavelengths while at the same time reaching highest broad-band sensitivity. The best option is NICMOS with the F160W band, over our entire redshift range 1.1 < z < 1.7. We need high angular resolution and full sampling of the PSF, which invalidates the NIC3 camera for our purposes. As on the other hand NIC1 would imply too much loss of sensitivity, we therefore select the NIC2 option. Our absolute positions are good to 0.5 arcsec, which is OK for the NIC2 field of view. Integration times: We want to measure AGN host galaxy luminosities and establish reliable morphological properties, such as Sersic indices (i.e. the shape of the radial profile, enabling a robust classification into bulge-dominated vs. disk-dominated systems), and hopefully also scale lengths and indicators for gross asymmetries or distortions. We estimated the required exposure times from simulated NICMOS images, using blank sky images and the PSF from our Cycle 13 data. For most objects we find that an integration time of 1 orbit will be sufficient to reach our aims. For three targets we request 2 orbits each, and for two objects we need 4 orbits each. Including one additional orbit for the PSF star, we need 24 orbits in total. Dithering strategy: NIC2 with F160W slightly undersamples the point spread function. Because we need to carefully model and subtract the PSF, we need to supersample the images by dithering. Our experience with previous NICMOS observations leads us to adopt a fixed pattern of four dither positions, identical for all objects. The positions will be offset by (+40.5,-40.0) or (+40.0,-40.5) pixels, in both x and y, respectively. This gives half-pixel offsets and allows for a PSF that will be super-Nyquist sampled after image combination. This dither pattern is also sufficient to account for varying pixel sensitivity and background. Point Spread Function observations: Our experience with HST imaging of QSO hosts has shown that a very good knowledge of the PSF is crucial to successfully model AGN host galaxies, especially when the nuclear/host contrast is of order unity or higher. We have selected an isolated star from the VVDS database, located in the VVDS field where most of our targets are, with NIR colours similar to QSOs. The star is brighter than the targets, but not so bright that we expect significant proper motion (which we do not know). Observing this star in exactly the same way as the QSOs we can minimize systematic effects due to PSF mismatch. The observation of the PSF star should stretch over an entire orbit as to eliminate possible mismatch induced by in-orbit breathing. For comparison, we may be able to use PSF star observations from earlier cycles to assess the effects of long-term breathing on the PSF shape. 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