Luminous and dark matter in disk galaxies from strong lensing and stellar kinematics

Luminous and dark matter in disk galaxies from strong lensing and stellar kinematics The formation of realistic disk galaxies within the LCDM paradigm is still an unsolved problem. Theory is only now beginning to make predictions for how dark matter halos respond to galaxy formation and for the properties of disk galaxies. Measuring the density profiles of dark matter halos on galaxy scales is therefore a strong test for the standard paradigm of galaxy formation, offering great potential for discovery. However, from an observational point of view, the degeneracy between the stellar and dark matter contributions to galaxy rotation curves remains a major road block. Strong gravitational lensing, when coupled to spatially-resolved kinematics and stellar population models, can solve this long-standing problem. Unfortunately, this joint methodology could not be exploited so far due to the paucity of known edge-on spiral lenses. Exploiting the full SDSS-DR7 archive we have identified a new sample of exactly these systems. We propose multi-color HST imaging to confirm and measure a sample of twenty spiral lenses, covering a range of bulge to disk ratios. By combining dynamical lensing and stellar population information for this unique sample we will deliver the first statistical constraints on halos and disk properties, and a new stringent test of disk galaxy formation theories.

The goal of our observations is to obtain high signal-to-noise spatially-resolved photometry through three filters, spanning the largest possible wavelength range to correct for dust extinction, identify multiple images by their equal colors, and determine the stellar mass-to-light ratio of the bulge and disk component. Precise removal of the lens galaxy contamination, including its differential extinction, is key to the success of the study of spiral lens galaxies. The following strategy with WFPC2 will allow us to meet our goals: Sample Selection: The sample has been selected on the basis of lens galaxy morphology, from the lens candidates spectroscopically identified from the SDSS-DR7 database. We first applied a lens-candidate spectroscopic selection procedure to the recent and final Data Release 7 of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS). The procedure is an improved version of that described in Bolton et al. (2004, 2008) and looks for spectra that contain two sets of lines at two different redshift, indicating a foreground and background object in the same 3 arcsecond-diameter solid angle covered by the SDSS-fiber. Out of almost a million spectra, our spectroscopic search algorithm found over 200 new high-probability lens candidates. Second, these lens candidates' SDSS images have been visually inspected to identify the spiral galaxies sufficiently inclined for rotation curve measurements. Third, we computed the strong lensing probability according to the following procedure. Based on our previous experience, the confirmation rate is a well-known and monotonically increasing function of Einstein Radius (effectively, proportional to the fraction of the solid angle of the fiber that is contained within the critical lines, plus seeing and other observational effects). The Einstein Radius is simply determined by the velocity dispersion of the lens and ratios of angular diameter distances. Since velocity dispersions are not always available/reliable, especially for the more disk-dominated systems with emission lines, we used total luminosity as proxy for stellar velocity dispersion, after calibrating the correlation on the rest of the sample. We expect this to be a conservative estimate as edge-on systems are more effective lenses due to the higher projected mass density (Maller et al. 1997). Fourth, to optimize use of telescope time, we excluded all targets with too low a lensing probability, leaving a final sample of optimal objects. We downselected a sample of 20 according to observability, with an average projected confirmation rate of 52% (visits 1-20). In addition, to be able to extend this investigation to the whole sample, we also propose to complete three-band imaging for five known SLACS spiral lenses, for an additional 11 orbits. (visits 21-25) Choice of Filters: We choose F450W-F606W-F814W because they are broad-band (thus maximizing the S/N in the images) while covering a long wavelength baseline. In previous cycles we have obtained images in these three filters with ACS and/or WFPC2, and have found this choice to be very effective: it will allow us to extend our homogeneous dataset. Exposure Times and Dithering Strategy: Based on our previous experience with WFPC2 in cycles 15 and 16, one orbit each in the F606W and F814W bands is sufficient to achieve S/N~5 per pixel at the location of the Einstein Ring, necessary for good lensing modeling; this includes the extra noise caused by removal of foreground structure and differential extinction. The signal-to-noise ratio is also sufficient to determine structural parameters of bulges and disks to a level that is dominated by systematic errors, rather than photon-counting. Assuming a typical spectral energy distribution for a spiral galaxy, two orbits per target are needed in the F450W due to the lower throughput of the system at these wavelengths. We note that F450W is extremely useful for identifying lensed features, as it is the filter where the contrast between the lens and the source is typically most favorable. As in previous cycles we will use 4-point dither strategy to improve sampling of the PSF and ensure cosmic ray/bad pixel removal. 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The scheduling data was generated by CASM 17.2. 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(Tic-Visit :proposal-id 11978 :visit-id "08" :proposal-version -1 :trans-version "20080807" :date "24-Mar-2009 15:00:56.0" :trans-errors '(:WARNINGS 0 :ERRORS 0 :HEALTH-AND-SAFETY 0 :FATAL-ERRORS 0 :CONTINUABLE-FATALS 0) :number-of-orbits 4 :saa-model "26" :si-bright-earth-limb-angle 20.0 :data-volume 537792 :tdrss-contact-duration 0 :coron NIL ) (Tic-Obset :proposal-id 11978 :visit-id "08" :obset-id "08" :pcs-mode "FGS" ) (Tic-Orbit :proposal-id 11978 :visit-id "08" :orbit-number 1 :pcs-time 355 :si-vis-utilization 2720 :al-overhead-at-end 160 :internal-dur-at-end 0 :dark-offset NIL :dark-utilization 0 :max-dark-utilization 1920 :low-sky "N" :pcs-visibility 3183 :pcs-gap 0 ) (Tic-Orbit :proposal-id 11978 :visit-id "08" :orbit-number 2 :pcs-time 355 :si-vis-utilization 2720 :al-overhead-at-end 160 :internal-dur-at-end 0 :dark-offset NIL :dark-utilization 0 :max-dark-utilization 1920 :low-sky "N" :pcs-visibility 3183 :pcs-gap 0 ) (Tic-Orbit :proposal-id 11978 :visit-id "08" :orbit-number 3 :pcs-time 355 :si-vis-utilization 2720 :al-overhead-at-end 160 :internal-dur-at-end 0 :dark-offset NIL :dark-utilization 0 :max-dark-utilization 1920 :low-sky "N" :pcs-visibility 3183 :pcs-gap 0 ) (Tic-Orbit :proposal-id 11978 :visit-id "08" :orbit-number 4 :pcs-time 355 :si-vis-utilization 2700 :al-overhead-at-end 180 :internal-dur-at-end 0 :dark-offset NIL :dark-utilization 0 :max-dark-utilization 1920 :low-sky "N" :pcs-visibility 3183 :pcs-gap 0 ) true 4 0 The scheduling data was generated by CASM 17.2. CASM was run in Phase II mode. 1235982679000 141.0 (Tic-Visit :proposal-id 11978 :visit-id "09" :proposal-version -1 :trans-version "20080807" :date "24-Mar-2009 15:01:01.0" :trans-errors '(:WARNINGS 0 :ERRORS 0 :HEALTH-AND-SAFETY 0 :FATAL-ERRORS 0 :CONTINUABLE-FATALS 0) :number-of-orbits 4 :saa-model "26" :si-bright-earth-limb-angle 20.0 :data-volume 537792 :tdrss-contact-duration 0 :coron NIL ) (Tic-Obset :proposal-id 11978 :visit-id "09" :obset-id "09" :pcs-mode "FGS" ) (Tic-Orbit :proposal-id 11978 :visit-id "09" :orbit-number 1 :pcs-time 355 :si-vis-utilization 2720 :al-overhead-at-end 160 :internal-dur-at-end 0 :dark-offset NIL :dark-utilization 0 :max-dark-utilization 1920 :low-sky "N" :pcs-visibility 3183 :pcs-gap 0 ) (Tic-Orbit :proposal-id 11978 :visit-id "09" :orbit-number 2 :pcs-time 355 :si-vis-utilization 2720 :al-overhead-at-end 160 :internal-dur-at-end 0 :dark-offset NIL :dark-utilization 0 :max-dark-utilization 1920 :low-sky "N" :pcs-visibility 3183 :pcs-gap 0 ) (Tic-Orbit :proposal-id 11978 :visit-id "09" :orbit-number 3 :pcs-time 355 :si-vis-utilization 2720 :al-overhead-at-end 160 :internal-dur-at-end 0 :dark-offset NIL :dark-utilization 0 :max-dark-utilization 1920 :low-sky "N" :pcs-visibility 3183 :pcs-gap 0 ) (Tic-Orbit :proposal-id 11978 :visit-id "09" :orbit-number 4 :pcs-time 355 :si-vis-utilization 2700 :al-overhead-at-end 180 :internal-dur-at-end 0 :dark-offset NIL :dark-utilization 0 :max-dark-utilization 1920 :low-sky "N" :pcs-visibility 3183 :pcs-gap 0 ) true 4 0 The scheduling data was generated by CASM 17.2. CASM was run in Phase II mode. 1236432261000 220.0 (Tic-Visit :proposal-id 11978 :visit-id "10" :proposal-version -1 :trans-version "20080807" :date "24-Mar-2009 15:01:06.0" :trans-errors '(:WARNINGS 0 :ERRORS 0 :HEALTH-AND-SAFETY 0 :FATAL-ERRORS 0 :CONTINUABLE-FATALS 0) :number-of-orbits 4 :saa-model "26" :si-bright-earth-limb-angle 20.0 :data-volume 537792 :tdrss-contact-duration 0 :coron NIL ) (Tic-Obset :proposal-id 11978 :visit-id "10" :obset-id "10" :pcs-mode "FGS" ) (Tic-Orbit :proposal-id 11978 :visit-id "10" :orbit-number 1 :pcs-time 355 :si-vis-utilization 2720 :al-overhead-at-end 160 :internal-dur-at-end 0 :dark-offset NIL :dark-utilization 0 :max-dark-utilization 1920 :low-sky "N" :pcs-visibility 3159 :pcs-gap 0 ) (Tic-Orbit :proposal-id 11978 :visit-id "10" :orbit-number 2 :pcs-time 355 :si-vis-utilization 2720 :al-overhead-at-end 160 :internal-dur-at-end 0 :dark-offset NIL :dark-utilization 0 :max-dark-utilization 1920 :low-sky "N" :pcs-visibility 3159 :pcs-gap 0 ) (Tic-Orbit :proposal-id 11978 :visit-id "10" :orbit-number 3 :pcs-time 355 :si-vis-utilization 2720 :al-overhead-at-end 160 :internal-dur-at-end 0 :dark-offset NIL :dark-utilization 0 :max-dark-utilization 1920 :low-sky "N" :pcs-visibility 3159 :pcs-gap 0 ) (Tic-Orbit :proposal-id 11978 :visit-id "10" :orbit-number 4 :pcs-time 355 :si-vis-utilization 2700 :al-overhead-at-end 180 :internal-dur-at-end 0 :dark-offset NIL :dark-utilization 0 :max-dark-utilization 1920 :low-sky "N" :pcs-visibility 3159 :pcs-gap 0 ) true 4 0 The scheduling data was generated by CASM 17.2. CASM was run in Phase II mode. 1239436235000 213.69813949770014 (Tic-Visit :proposal-id 11978 :visit-id "11" :proposal-version -1 :trans-version "20080807" :date "24-Mar-2009 15:01:11.0" :trans-errors '(:WARNINGS 0 :ERRORS 0 :HEALTH-AND-SAFETY 0 :FATAL-ERRORS 0 :CONTINUABLE-FATALS 0) :number-of-orbits 4 :saa-model "26" :si-bright-earth-limb-angle 20.0 :data-volume 537792 :tdrss-contact-duration 0 :coron NIL ) (Tic-Obset :proposal-id 11978 :visit-id "11" :obset-id "11" :pcs-mode "FGS" ) (Tic-Orbit :proposal-id 11978 :visit-id "11" :orbit-number 1 :pcs-time 269 :si-vis-utilization 2720 :al-overhead-at-end 160 :internal-dur-at-end 0 :dark-offset NIL :dark-utilization 0 :max-dark-utilization 1920 :low-sky "N" :pcs-visibility 3132 :pcs-gap 0 ) (Tic-Orbit :proposal-id 11978 :visit-id "11" :orbit-number 2 :pcs-time 269 :si-vis-utilization 2720 :al-overhead-at-end 160 :internal-dur-at-end 0 :dark-offset NIL :dark-utilization 0 :max-dark-utilization 1920 :low-sky "N" :pcs-visibility 3132 :pcs-gap 0 ) (Tic-Orbit :proposal-id 11978 :visit-id "11" :orbit-number 3 :pcs-time 269 :si-vis-utilization 2720 :al-overhead-at-end 160 :internal-dur-at-end 0 :dark-offset NIL :dark-utilization 0 :max-dark-utilization 1920 :low-sky "N" :pcs-visibility 3132 :pcs-gap 0 ) (Tic-Orbit :proposal-id 11978 :visit-id "11" :orbit-number 4 :pcs-time 269 :si-vis-utilization 2700 :al-overhead-at-end 180 :internal-dur-at-end 0 :dark-offset NIL :dark-utilization 0 :max-dark-utilization 1920 :low-sky "N" :pcs-visibility 3132 :pcs-gap 0 ) true 4 0 The scheduling data was generated by CASM 17.2. CASM was run in Phase II mode. (Tic-Visit :proposal-id 11978 :visit-id "12" :proposal-version -1 :trans-version "20080807" :date "24-Mar-2009 15:01:16.0" :trans-errors '(:WARNINGS 0 :ERRORS 0 :HEALTH-AND-SAFETY 0 :FATAL-ERRORS 0 :CONTINUABLE-FATALS 0) :number-of-orbits 4 :saa-model "26" :si-bright-earth-limb-angle 20.0 :data-volume 537792 :tdrss-contact-duration 0 :coron NIL ) (Tic-Obset :proposal-id 11978 :visit-id "12" :obset-id "12" :pcs-mode "FGS" ) (Tic-Orbit :proposal-id 11978 :visit-id "12" :orbit-number 1 :pcs-time 355 :si-vis-utilization 2720 :al-overhead-at-end 160 :internal-dur-at-end 0 :dark-offset NIL :dark-utilization 0 :max-dark-utilization 1920 :low-sky "N" :pcs-visibility 3183 :pcs-gap 0 ) (Tic-Orbit :proposal-id 11978 :visit-id "12" :orbit-number 2 :pcs-time 355 :si-vis-utilization 2720 :al-overhead-at-end 160 :internal-dur-at-end 0 :dark-offset NIL :dark-utilization 0 :max-dark-utilization 1920 :low-sky "N" :pcs-visibility 3183 :pcs-gap 0 ) (Tic-Orbit :proposal-id 11978 :visit-id "12" :orbit-number 3 :pcs-time 355 :si-vis-utilization 2720 :al-overhead-at-end 160 :internal-dur-at-end 0 :dark-offset NIL :dark-utilization 0 :max-dark-utilization 1920 :low-sky "N" :pcs-visibility 3183 :pcs-gap 0 ) (Tic-Orbit :proposal-id 11978 :visit-id "12" :orbit-number 4 :pcs-time 355 :si-vis-utilization 2700 :al-overhead-at-end 180 :internal-dur-at-end 0 :dark-offset NIL :dark-utilization 0 :max-dark-utilization 1920 :low-sky "N" :pcs-visibility 3183 :pcs-gap 0 ) true 4 0 The scheduling data was generated by CASM 17.2. CASM was run in Phase II mode. 1236754605000 279.8187373438295 (Tic-Visit :proposal-id 11978 :visit-id "13" :proposal-version -1 :trans-version "20080807" :date "24-Mar-2009 15:01:20.0" :trans-errors '(:WARNINGS 0 :ERRORS 0 :HEALTH-AND-SAFETY 0 :FATAL-ERRORS 0 :CONTINUABLE-FATALS 0) :number-of-orbits 4 :saa-model "26" :si-bright-earth-limb-angle 20.0 :data-volume 537792 :tdrss-contact-duration 0 :coron NIL ) (Tic-Obset :proposal-id 11978 :visit-id "13" :obset-id "13" :pcs-mode "FGS" ) (Tic-Orbit :proposal-id 11978 :visit-id "13" :orbit-number 1 :pcs-time 355 :si-vis-utilization 2720 :al-overhead-at-end 160 :internal-dur-at-end 0 :dark-offset NIL :dark-utilization 0 :max-dark-utilization 1920 :low-sky "N" :pcs-visibility 3132 :pcs-gap 0 ) (Tic-Orbit :proposal-id 11978 :visit-id "13" :orbit-number 2 :pcs-time 355 :si-vis-utilization 2720 :al-overhead-at-end 160 :internal-dur-at-end 0 :dark-offset NIL :dark-utilization 0 :max-dark-utilization 1920 :low-sky "N" :pcs-visibility 3132 :pcs-gap 0 ) (Tic-Orbit :proposal-id 11978 :visit-id "13" :orbit-number 3 :pcs-time 355 :si-vis-utilization 2720 :al-overhead-at-end 160 :internal-dur-at-end 0 :dark-offset NIL :dark-utilization 0 :max-dark-utilization 1920 :low-sky "N" :pcs-visibility 3132 :pcs-gap 0 ) (Tic-Orbit :proposal-id 11978 :visit-id "13" :orbit-number 4 :pcs-time 355 :si-vis-utilization 2700 :al-overhead-at-end 180 :internal-dur-at-end 0 :dark-offset NIL :dark-utilization 0 :max-dark-utilization 1920 :low-sky "N" :pcs-visibility 3132 :pcs-gap 0 ) true 4 0 The scheduling data was generated by CASM 17.2. CASM was run in Phase II mode. (Tic-Visit :proposal-id 11978 :visit-id "14" :proposal-version -1 :trans-version "20080807" :date "24-Mar-2009 15:01:26.0" :trans-errors '(:WARNINGS 0 :ERRORS 0 :HEALTH-AND-SAFETY 0 :FATAL-ERRORS 0 :CONTINUABLE-FATALS 0) :number-of-orbits 4 :saa-model "26" :si-bright-earth-limb-angle 20.0 :data-volume 537792 :tdrss-contact-duration 0 :coron NIL ) (Tic-Obset :proposal-id 11978 :visit-id "14" :obset-id "14" :pcs-mode "FGS" ) (Tic-Orbit :proposal-id 11978 :visit-id "14" :orbit-number 1 :pcs-time 355 :si-vis-utilization 2720 :al-overhead-at-end 160 :internal-dur-at-end 0 :dark-offset NIL :dark-utilization 0 :max-dark-utilization 1920 :low-sky "N" :pcs-visibility 3132 :pcs-gap 0 ) (Tic-Orbit :proposal-id 11978 :visit-id "14" :orbit-number 2 :pcs-time 355 :si-vis-utilization 2720 :al-overhead-at-end 160 :internal-dur-at-end 0 :dark-offset NIL :dark-utilization 0 :max-dark-utilization 1920 :low-sky "N" :pcs-visibility 3132 :pcs-gap 0 ) (Tic-Orbit :proposal-id 11978 :visit-id "14" :orbit-number 3 :pcs-time 355 :si-vis-utilization 2720 :al-overhead-at-end 160 :internal-dur-at-end 0 :dark-offset NIL :dark-utilization 0 :max-dark-utilization 1920 :low-sky "N" :pcs-visibility 3132 :pcs-gap 0 ) (Tic-Orbit :proposal-id 11978 :visit-id "14" :orbit-number 4 :pcs-time 355 :si-vis-utilization 2700 :al-overhead-at-end 180 :internal-dur-at-end 0 :dark-offset NIL :dark-utilization 0 :max-dark-utilization 1920 :low-sky "N" :pcs-visibility 3132 :pcs-gap 0 ) true 4 0 The scheduling data was generated by CASM 17.2. CASM was run in Phase II mode. (Tic-Visit :proposal-id 11978 :visit-id "15" :proposal-version -1 :trans-version "20080807" :date "24-Mar-2009 15:01:31.0" :trans-errors '(:WARNINGS 0 :ERRORS 0 :HEALTH-AND-SAFETY 0 :FATAL-ERRORS 0 :CONTINUABLE-FATALS 0) :number-of-orbits 4 :saa-model "26" :si-bright-earth-limb-angle 20.0 :data-volume 537792 :tdrss-contact-duration 0 :coron NIL ) (Tic-Obset :proposal-id 11978 :visit-id "15" :obset-id "15" :pcs-mode "FGS" ) (Tic-Orbit :proposal-id 11978 :visit-id "15" :orbit-number 1 :pcs-time 355 :si-vis-utilization 2720 :al-overhead-at-end 160 :internal-dur-at-end 0 :dark-offset NIL :dark-utilization 0 :max-dark-utilization 1920 :low-sky "N" :pcs-visibility 3159 :pcs-gap 0 ) (Tic-Orbit :proposal-id 11978 :visit-id "15" :orbit-number 2 :pcs-time 355 :si-vis-utilization 2720 :al-overhead-at-end 160 :internal-dur-at-end 0 :dark-offset NIL :dark-utilization 0 :max-dark-utilization 1920 :low-sky "N" :pcs-visibility 3159 :pcs-gap 0 ) (Tic-Orbit :proposal-id 11978 :visit-id "15" :orbit-number 3 :pcs-time 355 :si-vis-utilization 2720 :al-overhead-at-end 160 :internal-dur-at-end 0 :dark-offset NIL :dark-utilization 0 :max-dark-utilization 1920 :low-sky "N" :pcs-visibility 3159 :pcs-gap 0 ) (Tic-Orbit :proposal-id 11978 :visit-id "15" :orbit-number 4 :pcs-time 355 :si-vis-utilization 2700 :al-overhead-at-end 180 :internal-dur-at-end 0 :dark-offset NIL :dark-utilization 0 :max-dark-utilization 1920 :low-sky "N" :pcs-visibility 3159 :pcs-gap 0 ) true 4 0 The scheduling data was generated by CASM 17.2. CASM was run in Phase II mode. 1235649267000 317.0 (Tic-Visit :proposal-id 11978 :visit-id "16" :proposal-version -1 :trans-version "20080807" :date "24-Mar-2009 15:01:35.0" :trans-errors '(:WARNINGS 0 :ERRORS 0 :HEALTH-AND-SAFETY 0 :FATAL-ERRORS 0 :CONTINUABLE-FATALS 0) :number-of-orbits 4 :saa-model "26" :si-bright-earth-limb-angle 20.0 :data-volume 537792 :tdrss-contact-duration 0 :coron NIL ) (Tic-Obset :proposal-id 11978 :visit-id "16" :obset-id "16" :pcs-mode "FGS" ) (Tic-Orbit :proposal-id 11978 :visit-id "16" :orbit-number 1 :pcs-time 355 :si-vis-utilization 2720 :al-overhead-at-end 160 :internal-dur-at-end 0 :dark-offset NIL :dark-utilization 0 :max-dark-utilization 1920 :low-sky "N" :pcs-visibility 3132 :pcs-gap 0 ) (Tic-Orbit :proposal-id 11978 :visit-id "16" :orbit-number 2 :pcs-time 355 :si-vis-utilization 2720 :al-overhead-at-end 160 :internal-dur-at-end 0 :dark-offset NIL :dark-utilization 0 :max-dark-utilization 1920 :low-sky "N" :pcs-visibility 3132 :pcs-gap 0 ) (Tic-Orbit :proposal-id 11978 :visit-id "16" :orbit-number 3 :pcs-time 355 :si-vis-utilization 2720 :al-overhead-at-end 160 :internal-dur-at-end 0 :dark-offset NIL :dark-utilization 0 :max-dark-utilization 1920 :low-sky "N" :pcs-visibility 3132 :pcs-gap 0 ) (Tic-Orbit :proposal-id 11978 :visit-id "16" :orbit-number 4 :pcs-time 355 :si-vis-utilization 2700 :al-overhead-at-end 180 :internal-dur-at-end 0 :dark-offset NIL :dark-utilization 0 :max-dark-utilization 1920 :low-sky "N" :pcs-visibility 3132 :pcs-gap 0 ) true 4 0 The scheduling data was generated by CASM 17.2. CASM was run in Phase II mode. 1234953086000 211.59292022375024 (Tic-Visit :proposal-id 11978 :visit-id "17" :proposal-version -1 :trans-version "20080807" :date "24-Mar-2009 15:01:40.0" :trans-errors '(:WARNINGS 0 :ERRORS 0 :HEALTH-AND-SAFETY 0 :FATAL-ERRORS 0 :CONTINUABLE-FATALS 0) :number-of-orbits 4 :saa-model "26" :si-bright-earth-limb-angle 20.0 :data-volume 537792 :tdrss-contact-duration 0 :coron NIL ) (Tic-Obset :proposal-id 11978 :visit-id "17" :obset-id "17" :pcs-mode "FGS" ) (Tic-Orbit :proposal-id 11978 :visit-id "17" :orbit-number 1 :pcs-time 355 :si-vis-utilization 2720 :al-overhead-at-end 160 :internal-dur-at-end 0 :dark-offset NIL :dark-utilization 0 :max-dark-utilization 1920 :low-sky "N" :pcs-visibility 3144 :pcs-gap 0 ) (Tic-Orbit :proposal-id 11978 :visit-id "17" :orbit-number 2 :pcs-time 355 :si-vis-utilization 2720 :al-overhead-at-end 160 :internal-dur-at-end 0 :dark-offset NIL :dark-utilization 0 :max-dark-utilization 1920 :low-sky "N" :pcs-visibility 3144 :pcs-gap 0 ) (Tic-Orbit :proposal-id 11978 :visit-id "17" :orbit-number 3 :pcs-time 355 :si-vis-utilization 2720 :al-overhead-at-end 160 :internal-dur-at-end 0 :dark-offset NIL :dark-utilization 0 :max-dark-utilization 1920 :low-sky "N" :pcs-visibility 3144 :pcs-gap 0 ) (Tic-Orbit :proposal-id 11978 :visit-id "17" :orbit-number 4 :pcs-time 355 :si-vis-utilization 2700 :al-overhead-at-end 180 :internal-dur-at-end 0 :dark-offset NIL :dark-utilization 0 :max-dark-utilization 1920 :low-sky "N" :pcs-visibility 3144 :pcs-gap 0 ) true 4 0 The scheduling data was generated by CASM 17.2. CASM was run in Phase II mode. (Tic-Visit :proposal-id 11978 :visit-id "18" :proposal-version -1 :trans-version "20080807" :date "24-Mar-2009 15:01:46.0" :trans-errors '(:WARNINGS 0 :ERRORS 0 :HEALTH-AND-SAFETY 0 :FATAL-ERRORS 0 :CONTINUABLE-FATALS 0) :number-of-orbits 4 :saa-model "26" :si-bright-earth-limb-angle 20.0 :data-volume 537792 :tdrss-contact-duration 0 :coron NIL ) (Tic-Obset :proposal-id 11978 :visit-id "18" :obset-id "18" :pcs-mode "FGS" ) (Tic-Orbit :proposal-id 11978 :visit-id "18" :orbit-number 1 :pcs-time 355 :si-vis-utilization 2720 :al-overhead-at-end 160 :internal-dur-at-end 0 :dark-offset NIL :dark-utilization 0 :max-dark-utilization 1920 :low-sky "N" :pcs-visibility 3152 :pcs-gap 0 ) (Tic-Orbit :proposal-id 11978 :visit-id "18" :orbit-number 2 :pcs-time 355 :si-vis-utilization 2720 :al-overhead-at-end 160 :internal-dur-at-end 0 :dark-offset NIL :dark-utilization 0 :max-dark-utilization 1920 :low-sky "N" :pcs-visibility 3152 :pcs-gap 0 ) (Tic-Orbit :proposal-id 11978 :visit-id "18" :orbit-number 3 :pcs-time 355 :si-vis-utilization 2720 :al-overhead-at-end 160 :internal-dur-at-end 0 :dark-offset NIL :dark-utilization 0 :max-dark-utilization 1920 :low-sky "N" :pcs-visibility 3152 :pcs-gap 0 ) (Tic-Orbit :proposal-id 11978 :visit-id "18" :orbit-number 4 :pcs-time 355 :si-vis-utilization 2700 :al-overhead-at-end 180 :internal-dur-at-end 0 :dark-offset NIL :dark-utilization 0 :max-dark-utilization 1920 :low-sky "N" :pcs-visibility 3152 :pcs-gap 0 ) true 4 0 The scheduling data was generated by CASM 17.2. CASM was run in Phase II mode. 1236161426000 168.44838558865467 (Tic-Visit :proposal-id 11978 :visit-id "19" :proposal-version -1 :trans-version "20080807" :date "24-Mar-2009 15:01:50.0" :trans-errors '(:WARNINGS 0 :ERRORS 0 :HEALTH-AND-SAFETY 0 :FATAL-ERRORS 0 :CONTINUABLE-FATALS 0) :number-of-orbits 4 :saa-model "26" :si-bright-earth-limb-angle 20.0 :data-volume 537792 :tdrss-contact-duration 0 :coron NIL ) (Tic-Obset :proposal-id 11978 :visit-id "19" :obset-id "19" :pcs-mode "FGS" ) (Tic-Orbit :proposal-id 11978 :visit-id "19" :orbit-number 1 :pcs-time 269 :si-vis-utilization 2720 :al-overhead-at-end 160 :internal-dur-at-end 0 :dark-offset NIL :dark-utilization 0 :max-dark-utilization 1920 :low-sky "N" :pcs-visibility 3159 :pcs-gap 0 ) (Tic-Orbit :proposal-id 11978 :visit-id "19" :orbit-number 2 :pcs-time 269 :si-vis-utilization 2720 :al-overhead-at-end 160 :internal-dur-at-end 0 :dark-offset NIL :dark-utilization 0 :max-dark-utilization 1920 :low-sky "N" :pcs-visibility 3159 :pcs-gap 0 ) (Tic-Orbit :proposal-id 11978 :visit-id "19" :orbit-number 3 :pcs-time 269 :si-vis-utilization 2720 :al-overhead-at-end 160 :internal-dur-at-end 0 :dark-offset NIL :dark-utilization 0 :max-dark-utilization 1920 :low-sky "N" :pcs-visibility 3159 :pcs-gap 0 ) (Tic-Orbit :proposal-id 11978 :visit-id "19" :orbit-number 4 :pcs-time 269 :si-vis-utilization 2700 :al-overhead-at-end 180 :internal-dur-at-end 0 :dark-offset NIL :dark-utilization 0 :max-dark-utilization 1920 :low-sky "N" :pcs-visibility 3159 :pcs-gap 0 ) true 4 0 The scheduling data was generated by CASM 17.2. CASM was run in Phase II mode. 1237468000000 258.64233698216776 (Tic-Visit :proposal-id 11978 :visit-id "20" :proposal-version -1 :trans-version "20080807" :date "24-Mar-2009 15:01:55.0" :trans-errors '(:WARNINGS 0 :ERRORS 0 :HEALTH-AND-SAFETY 0 :FATAL-ERRORS 0 :CONTINUABLE-FATALS 0) :number-of-orbits 4 :saa-model "26" :si-bright-earth-limb-angle 20.0 :data-volume 537792 :tdrss-contact-duration 0 :coron NIL ) (Tic-Obset :proposal-id 11978 :visit-id "20" :obset-id "20" :pcs-mode "FGS" ) (Tic-Orbit :proposal-id 11978 :visit-id "20" :orbit-number 1 :pcs-time 355 :si-vis-utilization 2720 :al-overhead-at-end 160 :internal-dur-at-end 0 :dark-offset NIL :dark-utilization 0 :max-dark-utilization 1920 :low-sky "N" :pcs-visibility 3132 :pcs-gap 0 ) (Tic-Orbit :proposal-id 11978 :visit-id "20" :orbit-number 2 :pcs-time 355 :si-vis-utilization 2720 :al-overhead-at-end 160 :internal-dur-at-end 0 :dark-offset NIL :dark-utilization 0 :max-dark-utilization 1920 :low-sky "N" :pcs-visibility 3132 :pcs-gap 0 ) (Tic-Orbit :proposal-id 11978 :visit-id "20" :orbit-number 3 :pcs-time 355 :si-vis-utilization 2720 :al-overhead-at-end 160 :internal-dur-at-end 0 :dark-offset NIL :dark-utilization 0 :max-dark-utilization 1920 :low-sky "N" :pcs-visibility 3132 :pcs-gap 0 ) (Tic-Orbit :proposal-id 11978 :visit-id "20" :orbit-number 4 :pcs-time 355 :si-vis-utilization 2700 :al-overhead-at-end 180 :internal-dur-at-end 0 :dark-offset NIL :dark-utilization 0 :max-dark-utilization 1920 :low-sky "N" :pcs-visibility 3132 :pcs-gap 0 ) true 4 0 The scheduling data was generated by CASM 17.2. CASM was run in Phase II mode. 1235522517000 132.20912458160012 (Tic-Visit :proposal-id 11978 :visit-id "21" :proposal-version -1 :trans-version "20080807" :date "24-Mar-2009 15:01:58.0" :trans-errors '(:WARNINGS 0 :ERRORS 0 :HEALTH-AND-SAFETY 0 :FATAL-ERRORS 0 :CONTINUABLE-FATALS 0) :number-of-orbits 2 :saa-model "26" :si-bright-earth-limb-angle 20.0 :data-volume 179264 :tdrss-contact-duration 0 :coron NIL ) (Tic-Obset :proposal-id 11978 :visit-id "21" :obset-id "21" :pcs-mode "FGS" ) (Tic-Orbit :proposal-id 11978 :visit-id "21" :orbit-number 1 :pcs-time 355 :si-vis-utilization 2720 :al-overhead-at-end 160 :internal-dur-at-end 0 :dark-offset NIL :dark-utilization 0 :max-dark-utilization 1920 :low-sky "N" :pcs-visibility 3159 :pcs-gap 0 ) (Tic-Orbit :proposal-id 11978 :visit-id "21" :orbit-number 2 :pcs-time 355 :si-vis-utilization 2700 :al-overhead-at-end 180 :internal-dur-at-end 0 :dark-offset NIL :dark-utilization 0 :max-dark-utilization 1920 :low-sky "N" :pcs-visibility 3159 :pcs-gap 0 ) true 2 0 The scheduling data was generated by CASM 17.2. CASM was run in Phase II mode. 1235304011000 344.9108291806883 (Tic-Visit :proposal-id 11978 :visit-id "22" :proposal-version -1 :trans-version "20080807" :date "24-Mar-2009 15:02:01.0" :trans-errors '(:WARNINGS 0 :ERRORS 0 :HEALTH-AND-SAFETY 0 :FATAL-ERRORS 0 :CONTINUABLE-FATALS 0) :number-of-orbits 2 :saa-model "26" :si-bright-earth-limb-angle 20.0 :data-volume 179264 :tdrss-contact-duration 0 :coron NIL ) (Tic-Obset :proposal-id 11978 :visit-id "22" :obset-id "22" :pcs-mode "FGS" ) (Tic-Orbit :proposal-id 11978 :visit-id "22" :orbit-number 1 :pcs-time 355 :si-vis-utilization 2720 :al-overhead-at-end 160 :internal-dur-at-end 0 :dark-offset NIL :dark-utilization 0 :max-dark-utilization 1920 :low-sky "N" :pcs-visibility 3132 :pcs-gap 0 ) (Tic-Orbit :proposal-id 11978 :visit-id "22" :orbit-number 2 :pcs-time 355 :si-vis-utilization 2700 :al-overhead-at-end 180 :internal-dur-at-end 0 :dark-offset NIL :dark-utilization 0 :max-dark-utilization 1920 :low-sky "N" :pcs-visibility 3132 :pcs-gap 0 ) true 2 0 The scheduling data was generated by CASM 17.2. CASM was run in Phase II mode. 1236270625000 169.06737273558588 (Tic-Visit :proposal-id 11978 :visit-id "23" :proposal-version -1 :trans-version "20080807" :date "24-Mar-2009 15:02:04.0" :trans-errors '(:WARNINGS 0 :ERRORS 0 :HEALTH-AND-SAFETY 0 :FATAL-ERRORS 0 :CONTINUABLE-FATALS 0) :number-of-orbits 2 :saa-model "26" :si-bright-earth-limb-angle 20.0 :data-volume 179264 :tdrss-contact-duration 0 :coron NIL ) (Tic-Obset :proposal-id 11978 :visit-id "23" :obset-id "23" :pcs-mode "FGS" ) (Tic-Orbit :proposal-id 11978 :visit-id "23" :orbit-number 1 :pcs-time 355 :si-vis-utilization 2720 :al-overhead-at-end 160 :internal-dur-at-end 0 :dark-offset NIL :dark-utilization 0 :max-dark-utilization 1920 :low-sky "N" :pcs-visibility 3200 :pcs-gap 0 ) (Tic-Orbit :proposal-id 11978 :visit-id "23" :orbit-number 2 :pcs-time 355 :si-vis-utilization 2700 :al-overhead-at-end 180 :internal-dur-at-end 0 :dark-offset NIL :dark-utilization 0 :max-dark-utilization 1920 :low-sky "N" :pcs-visibility 3200 :pcs-gap 0 ) true 2 0 The scheduling data was generated by CASM 17.2. CASM was run in Phase II mode. 1236322643000 178.56735389956032 (Tic-Visit :proposal-id 11978 :visit-id "24" :proposal-version -1 :trans-version "20080807" :date "24-Mar-2009 15:02:07.0" :trans-errors '(:WARNINGS 0 :ERRORS 0 :HEALTH-AND-SAFETY 0 :FATAL-ERRORS 0 :CONTINUABLE-FATALS 0) :number-of-orbits 2 :saa-model "26" :si-bright-earth-limb-angle 20.0 :data-volume 179264 :tdrss-contact-duration 0 :coron NIL ) (Tic-Obset :proposal-id 11978 :visit-id "24" :obset-id "24" :pcs-mode "FGS" ) (Tic-Orbit :proposal-id 11978 :visit-id "24" :orbit-number 1 :pcs-time 355 :si-vis-utilization 2720 :al-overhead-at-end 160 :internal-dur-at-end 0 :dark-offset NIL :dark-utilization 0 :max-dark-utilization 1920 :low-sky "N" :pcs-visibility 3200 :pcs-gap 0 ) (Tic-Orbit :proposal-id 11978 :visit-id "24" :orbit-number 2 :pcs-time 355 :si-vis-utilization 2700 :al-overhead-at-end 180 :internal-dur-at-end 0 :dark-offset NIL :dark-utilization 0 :max-dark-utilization 1920 :low-sky "N" :pcs-visibility 3200 :pcs-gap 0 ) true 2 0 The scheduling data was generated by CASM 17.2. CASM was run in Phase II mode. (Tic-Visit :proposal-id 11978 :visit-id "25" :proposal-version -1 :trans-version "20080807" :date "24-Mar-2009 15:02:10.0" :trans-errors '(:WARNINGS 0 :ERRORS 0 :HEALTH-AND-SAFETY 0 :FATAL-ERRORS 0 :CONTINUABLE-FATALS 0) :number-of-orbits 3 :saa-model "26" :si-bright-earth-limb-angle 20.0 :data-volume 358528 :tdrss-contact-duration 0 :coron NIL ) (Tic-Obset :proposal-id 11978 :visit-id "25" :obset-id "25" :pcs-mode "FGS" ) (Tic-Orbit :proposal-id 11978 :visit-id "25" :orbit-number 1 :pcs-time 355 :si-vis-utilization 2720 :al-overhead-at-end 160 :internal-dur-at-end 0 :dark-offset NIL :dark-utilization 0 :max-dark-utilization 1920 :low-sky "N" :pcs-visibility 3132 :pcs-gap 0 ) (Tic-Orbit :proposal-id 11978 :visit-id "25" :orbit-number 2 :pcs-time 355 :si-vis-utilization 2720 :al-overhead-at-end 160 :internal-dur-at-end 0 :dark-offset NIL :dark-utilization 0 :max-dark-utilization 1920 :low-sky "N" :pcs-visibility 3132 :pcs-gap 0 ) (Tic-Orbit :proposal-id 11978 :visit-id "25" :orbit-number 3 :pcs-time 355 :si-vis-utilization 2700 :al-overhead-at-end 180 :internal-dur-at-end 0 :dark-offset NIL :dark-utilization 0 :max-dark-utilization 1920 :low-sky "N" :pcs-visibility 3132 :pcs-gap 0 ) true 3 0 The scheduling data was generated by CASM 17.2. CASM was run in Phase II mode. (Tic-Visit :proposal-id 11978 :visit-id "55" :proposal-version -1 :trans-version "20080807" :date "24-Mar-2009 14:59:08.0" :trans-errors '(:WARNINGS 0 :ERRORS 0 :HEALTH-AND-SAFETY 0 :FATAL-ERRORS 0 :CONTINUABLE-FATALS 0) :number-of-orbits 1 :saa-model "26" :si-bright-earth-limb-angle 20.0 :data-volume 89632 :tdrss-contact-duration 0 :coron NIL ) (Tic-Obset :proposal-id 11978 :visit-id "55" :obset-id "55" :pcs-mode "FGS" ) (Tic-Orbit :proposal-id 11978 :visit-id "55" :orbit-number 1 :pcs-time 355 :si-vis-utilization 2700 :al-overhead-at-end 180 :internal-dur-at-end 0 :dark-offset NIL :dark-utilization 0 :max-dark-utilization 1920 :low-sky "N" :pcs-visibility 3149 :pcs-gap 0 ) true 1 0 The scheduling data was generated by CASM 17.2. CASM was run in Phase II mode. (Tic-Visit :proposal-id 11978 :visit-id "67" :proposal-version -1 :trans-version "20080807" :date "24-Mar-2009 15:02:13.0" :trans-errors '(:WARNINGS 0 :ERRORS 0 :HEALTH-AND-SAFETY 0 :FATAL-ERRORS 0 :CONTINUABLE-FATALS 0) :number-of-orbits 1 :saa-model "26" :si-bright-earth-limb-angle 20.0 :data-volume 179264 :tdrss-contact-duration 0 :coron NIL ) (Tic-Obset :proposal-id 11978 :visit-id "67" :obset-id "67" :pcs-mode "FGS" ) (Tic-Orbit :proposal-id 11978 :visit-id "67" :orbit-number 1 :pcs-time 269 :si-vis-utilization 2700 :al-overhead-at-end 180 :internal-dur-at-end 0 :dark-offset NIL :dark-utilization 0 :max-dark-utilization 1920 :low-sky "N" :pcs-visibility 3144 :pcs-gap 0 ) true 1 0