Recent HST observations have unveiled the presence of compact stellar nuclei in a large fraction of galaxies across the entire Hubble sequence. These nuclei may be the low-mass analogues of the supermassive black holes found in bright galaxies, and part of the wider class of central massive objects believed to exist in virtually every galaxy. Understanding the history of gas accretion, star formation, and chemical enrichment of compact stellar nuclei has thus emerged as key to the study of galactic cores and gaining further insight into the overall galactic structure. Despite this, there have been no spectroscopic studies of the stellar populations of nuclei in early-type galaxies to date, due to the difficulty of observing compact (~0.1 arcsec) nuclei projected against a bright galaxy background. HST is the only telescope capable of rectifying this. Accordingly, we propose to capitalize on the exceptional spatial resolution of STIS to obtain spectra of a complete sample of 11 nuclei in early-type galaxies located in the nearby Virgo cluster. These spectra will be fully leveraged using HST IR, optical, and UV imaging already in hand to measure the masses and provide the most complete picture currently possible of the history of star formation and chemical enrichment of these surprisingly commonplace objects. This window into the nature of nuclei is crucial to our understanding of how processes in the innermost regions can reflect and impact galaxies as a whole. Note: This is taken/edited from the Phase I proposal: Our aim is to obtain high spatial resolution STIS spectroscopy for stellar nuclei (i.e. nuclear star clusters) in early-type galaxies. To unveil possible trends in the stellar population content and star formation history of the nuclei, our complete sample spans as large a range as feasible in host galaxy magnitude and nucleus color, size, and magnitude. The targets have been selected from the ACS Virgo Cluster Survey (ACSVCS). We will use the STIS/G430L grating to obtain spectral coverage from 3000 to 5700 Angstroms. This region is critical for our purposes, as it includes spectral features providing the strongest constraints on the stellar population (e.g., Ca H and K, CaI, G band, H-delta, H-gamma, H-beta, FeI, MgI). The slit will be centered on the nucleus and aligned with the major axis of the galaxy (inasmuch as visibility and guide star acquisition allows). To achieve the highest contrast against the underlying galaxy background while still providing enough nuclear light to obtain good S/N spectra, the nuclei will be observed with the 52" x 0."2E1 slit. All data will be binned by four pixels in the spatial direction before readout to improve S/N. Based on our experience using spectral population model fitting to analyze stellar populations and star formation histories of galactic nuclei (e.g., Sarzi et al. 2005) it is necessary for the nuclear (nucleus plus galaxy) spectrum to reach a S/N of at least 30 per resolution element at 4450 Angstroms. This is illustrated by Rossa et al. (2006; Proposals 9070 and 9783) who also used STIS/G430L spectra to perform a similar analysis on nuclei in spiral galaxies. Unfortunately, due to insufficient S/N (less than ~10 per resolution element) they were unable to use the spectra of more than half of their nuclei in their full analysis. Using the on-line STIS Exposure Time Calculator, all nuclei from the ACSVCS were evaluated for feasibility. Given the calculated exposure times and overheads (see below), the 11 nuclei in the ACSVCS that can be observed with the required S/N in ten orbits or less have been selected as targets for this program. They span a broad range of colors and sizes, and are magnitude-limited down to g_{nuc}~19.5 mag. Note that the two targets requiring more than 5 orbits will be divided into two visits of 5 orbits or less. In order to determine where the nuclei fell within the slit, a brief 30 second image of each target through the 52"x0."2E1 slit will be obtained, as well as an image of the tungsten lamp through the 52"x0."2 slit in order to determine the edges of the slit. VCC Bgal (mag) gnuc (mag) (gz)nuc (mag) rh,nuc (arcsec) Orbits 1720 12.29 18.40 1.57 0.09 2 1619 12.50 17.15 1.55 0.32 1 784 12.67 18.34 1.66 0.16 2 828 12.84 18.53 1.57 0.21 2 1630 12.91 17.40 1.68 0.50 1 1146 12.93 15.38 1.42 0.78 1 1871 13.86 18.74 1.25 0.13 2 856 14.25 18.98 1.12 0.16 3 1192 15.04 19.10 1.19 0.12 6 1627 15.16 18.84 1.44 0.20 3 1199 15.50 19.76 1.36 0.08 10 UNRESOLVED STELLAR POPULATIONS AND GALAXY STRUCTURE 12 false false 0.0 0.0 false false false AVAILABLE GALAXY LENTICULAR NUCLEUS This object was generated by the target selector and retrieved from the NED database. Coordinates from HLA F475W images corrected using GSC2. The V-band magnitude given is the galaxy's total integrated magnitude from the Virgo Cluster Catalogue (Binggeli et al. 1985), converted from the B-band using Fukugita et al. (1995). As such, it is a "worst case scenario" situation in terms of brightness (i.e. much much brighter than what will actually be entering the slit). NGC4578 J2000 J2000 GALAXY ELLIPTICAL NUCLEUS This object was generated by the targetselector and retrieved from the NED database. Coordinates from HLA F475W images corrected using GSC2. The V-band magnitude given is the galaxy's total integrated magnitude from the Virgo Cluster Catalogue (Binggeli et al. 1985), converted from the B-band using Fukugita et al. (1995). As such, it is a "worst case scenario" situation in terms of brightness (i.e. much much brighter than what will actually be entering the slit). NGC4550 J2000 J2000 GALAXY LENTICULAR NUCLEUS This object was generated by the targetselector and retrieved from the NED database. Coordinates from HLA F475W images corrected using GSC2. The V-band magnitude given is the galaxy's total integrated magnitude from the Virgo Cluster Catalogue (Binggeli et al. 1985), converted from the B-band using Fukugita et al. (1995). As such, it is a "worst case scenario" situation in terms of brightness (i.e. much much brighter than what will actually be entering the slit). NGC4379 J2000 J2000 GALAXY ELLIPTICAL NUCLEUS This object was generated by the targetselector and retrieved from the NED database. Coordinates from HLA F475W images corrected using GSC2. The V-band magnitude given is the galaxy's total integrated magnitude from the Virgo Cluster Catalogue (Binggeli et al. 1985), converted from the B-band using Fukugita et al. (1995). As such, it is a "worst case scenario" situation in terms of brightness (i.e. much much brighter than what will actually be entering the slit). NGC4387 J2000 J2000 GALAXY ELLIPTICAL NUCLEUS This object was generated by the targetselector and retrieved from the NED database. Coordinates from HLA F475W images corrected using GSC2. The V-band magnitude given is the galaxy's total integrated magnitude from the Virgo Cluster Catalogue (Binggeli et al. 1985), converted from the B-band using Fukugita et al. (1995). As such, it is a "worst case scenario" situation in terms of brightness (i.e. much much brighter than what will actually be entering the slit). NGC4551 J2000 J2000 GALAXY ELLIPTICAL NUCLEUS This object was generated by the targetselector and retrieved from the NED database. Coordinates from HLA F475W images corrected using GSC2. The V-band magnitude given is the galaxy's total integrated magnitude from the Virgo Cluster Catalogue (Binggeli et al. 1985), converted from the B-band using Fukugita et al. (1995). As such, it is a "worst case scenario" situation in terms of brightness (i.e. much much brighter than what will actually be entering the slit). NGC4458 J2000 J2000 GALAXY ELLIPTICAL NUCLEUS This object was generated by the targetselector and retrieved from the NED database. Coordinates from HLA F475W images corrected using GSC2. The V-band magnitude given is the galaxy's total integrated magnitude from the Virgo Cluster Catalogue (Binggeli et al. 1985), converted from the B-band using Fukugita et al. (1995). As such, it is a "worst case scenario" situation in terms of brightness (i.e. much much brighter than what will actually be entering the slit). IC3653 J2000 J2000 GALAXY DWARF ELLIPTICAL NUCLEUS This object was generated by the targetselector and retrieved from the NED database. Coordinates from HLA F475W images corrected using GSC2. The V-band magnitude given is the galaxy's total integrated magnitude from the Virgo Cluster Catalogue (Binggeli et al. 1985), converted from the B-band using Fukugita et al. (1995). As such, it is a "worst case scenario" situation in terms of brightness (i.e. much much brighter than what will actually be entering the slit). IC3328 J2000 J2000 GALAXY ELLIPTICAL NUCLEUS This object was generated by the targetselector and retrieved from the NED database. Coordinates from HLA F475W images corrected using GSC2. The V-band magnitude given is the galaxy's total integrated magnitude from the Virgo Cluster Catalogue (Binggeli et al. 1985), converted from the B-band using Fukugita et al. (1995). As such, it is a "worst case scenario" situation in terms of brightness (i.e. much much brighter than what will actually be entering the slit). NGC4467 J2000 J2000 GALAXY ELLIPTICAL NUCLEUS This object was generated by the targetselector and retrieved from the NED database. Coordinates from HLA F475W images corrected using GSC2. The V-band magnitude given is the galaxy's total integrated magnitude from the Virgo Cluster Catalogue (Binggeli et al. 1985), converted from the B-band using Fukugita et al. (1995). As such, it is a "worst case scenario" situation in terms of brightness (i.e. much much brighter than what will actually be entering the slit). J2000 J2000 GALAXY ELLIPTICAL NUCLEUS This object was generated by the targetselector and retrieved from the NED database. Coordinates from HLA F475W images corrected using GSC2. The V-band magnitude given is the galaxy's total integrated magnitude from the Virgo Cluster Catalogue (Binggeli et al. 1985), converted from the B-band using Fukugita et al. (1995). As such, it is a "worst case scenario" situation in terms of brightness (i.e. much much brighter than what will actually be entering the slit). J2000 J2000 STIS/CCD Spectroscopic No No G430L 4300 STIS/CCD Spectroscopic No No G430L 4300 STIS/CCD Spectroscopic No No G430L 4300 STIS/CCD Spectroscopic No No G430L 4300 STIS/CCD Spectroscopic No No G430L 4300 STIS/CCD Spectroscopic No No G430L 4300 STIS/CCD Spectroscopic No No G430L 4300 STIS/CCD Spectroscopic No No G430L 4300 STIS/CCD Spectroscopic No No G430L 4300 STIS/CCD Spectroscopic No No G430L 4300 STIS/CCD Spectroscopic No No G430L 4300 POS-TARG DITHER 0.2028 Point spacing = 0."2028=4 pix because we are binning along AXIS2 by 4 pix. LINE false false 3 90.0 STIS-ALONG-SLIT 1 false The scheduling data was generated by CASM 18.3.1. 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Image of lamp through slit in order to determine slit edges. The scheduling data was generated by CASM 18.3.1. 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Image of lamp through slit in order to determine slit edges. The scheduling data was generated by CASM 18.3.1. CASM was run in Phase II mode. 1305555206000 138.9290184292904 (Tic-Visit :proposal-id 12236 :visit-id "11" :proposal-version -1 :trans-version "20100505" :date "09-Jul-2010 15:07:41.0" :trans-errors '(:WARNINGS 0 :ERRORS 0 :HEALTH-AND-SAFETY 0 :FATAL-ERRORS 0 :CONTINUABLE-FATALS 0) :number-of-orbits 3 :saa-model "24" :si-bright-earth-limb-angle 20.0 :data-volume 134512 :tdrss-contact-duration 0 :coron NIL ) (Tic-Obset :proposal-id 12236 :visit-id "11" :obset-id "11" :pcs-mode "FGS" ) (Tic-Orbit :proposal-id 12236 :visit-id "11" :orbit-number 1 :pcs-time 333 :si-vis-utilization 2912 :al-overhead-at-end 0 :internal-dur-at-end 0 :dark-offset NIL :dark-utilization 0 :max-dark-utilization 1920 :low-sky "N" :pcs-visibility 3245 :pcs-gap 0 ) (Tic-Orbit :proposal-id 12236 :visit-id "11" :orbit-number 2 :pcs-time 222 :si-vis-utilization 3023 :al-overhead-at-end 0 :internal-dur-at-end 0 :dark-offset NIL :dark-utilization 0 :max-dark-utilization 1920 :low-sky "N" :pcs-visibility 3245 :pcs-gap 0 ) (Tic-Orbit :proposal-id 12236 :visit-id "11" :orbit-number 3 :pcs-time 222 :si-vis-utilization 3023 :al-overhead-at-end 0 :internal-dur-at-end 447 :dark-offset NIL :dark-utilization 0 :max-dark-utilization 1920 :low-sky "N" :pcs-visibility 3245 :pcs-gap 0 ) false 3 0 An image of the galaxy through the slit, to be observed after the acquisition sequence to verify where the nucleus is located on the CCD. Image of lamp through slit in order to determine slit edges. The scheduling data was generated by CASM 18.3.1. CASM was run in Phase II mode. 1328718563000 273.0 (Tic-Visit :proposal-id 12236 :visit-id "12" :proposal-version -1 :trans-version "20100505" :date "09-Jul-2010 15:08:05.0" :trans-errors '(:WARNINGS 0 :ERRORS 0 :HEALTH-AND-SAFETY 0 :FATAL-ERRORS 0 :CONTINUABLE-FATALS 0) :number-of-orbits 5 :saa-model "24" :si-bright-earth-limb-angle 20.0 :data-volume 199360 :tdrss-contact-duration 0 :coron NIL ) (Tic-Obset :proposal-id 12236 :visit-id "12" :obset-id "12" :pcs-mode "FGS" ) (Tic-Orbit :proposal-id 12236 :visit-id "12" :orbit-number 1 :pcs-time 333 :si-vis-utilization 2909 :al-overhead-at-end 0 :internal-dur-at-end 0 :dark-offset NIL :dark-utilization 0 :max-dark-utilization 1920 :low-sky "N" :pcs-visibility 3242 :pcs-gap 0 ) (Tic-Orbit :proposal-id 12236 :visit-id "12" :orbit-number 2 :pcs-time 222 :si-vis-utilization 3020 :al-overhead-at-end 0 :internal-dur-at-end 0 :dark-offset NIL :dark-utilization 0 :max-dark-utilization 1920 :low-sky "N" :pcs-visibility 3242 :pcs-gap 0 ) (Tic-Orbit :proposal-id 12236 :visit-id "12" :orbit-number 3 :pcs-time 222 :si-vis-utilization 3020 :al-overhead-at-end 0 :internal-dur-at-end 0 :dark-offset NIL :dark-utilization 0 :max-dark-utilization 1920 :low-sky "N" :pcs-visibility 3242 :pcs-gap 0 ) (Tic-Orbit :proposal-id 12236 :visit-id "12" :orbit-number 4 :pcs-time 222 :si-vis-utilization 3020 :al-overhead-at-end 0 :internal-dur-at-end 0 :dark-offset NIL :dark-utilization 0 :max-dark-utilization 1920 :low-sky "N" :pcs-visibility 3242 :pcs-gap 0 ) (Tic-Orbit :proposal-id 12236 :visit-id "12" :orbit-number 5 :pcs-time 222 :si-vis-utilization 3020 :al-overhead-at-end 0 :internal-dur-at-end 372 :dark-offset NIL :dark-utilization 0 :max-dark-utilization 1920 :low-sky "N" :pcs-visibility 3242 :pcs-gap 0 ) true 5 0 An image of the galaxy through the slit, to be observed after the acquisition sequence to verify where the nucleus is located on the CCD. Image of lamp through slit in order to determine slit edges. The scheduling data was generated by CASM 18.3.1. CASM was run in Phase II mode. 1295449835000 273.0 (Tic-Visit :proposal-id 12236 :visit-id "13" :proposal-version -1 :trans-version "20100902" :date "02-May-2011 08:52:07.0" :trans-errors '(:WARNINGS 0 :ERRORS 0 :HEALTH-AND-SAFETY 0 :FATAL-ERRORS 0 :CONTINUABLE-FATALS 0) :number-of-orbits 5 :saa-model "24" :si-bright-earth-limb-angle 20.0 :data-volume 199360 :tdrss-contact-duration 0 :coron NIL ) (Tic-Obset :proposal-id 12236 :visit-id "13" :obset-id "13" :pcs-mode "FGS" ) (Tic-Orbit :proposal-id 12236 :visit-id "13" :orbit-number 1 :pcs-time 333 :si-vis-utilization 2909 :al-overhead-at-end 0 :internal-dur-at-end 0 :dark-offset NIL :dark-utilization 0 :max-dark-utilization 1920 :low-sky "N" :pcs-visibility 3242 :pcs-gap 0 ) (Tic-Orbit :proposal-id 12236 :visit-id "13" :orbit-number 2 :pcs-time 222 :si-vis-utilization 3020 :al-overhead-at-end 0 :internal-dur-at-end 0 :dark-offset NIL :dark-utilization 0 :max-dark-utilization 1920 :low-sky "N" :pcs-visibility 3242 :pcs-gap 0 ) (Tic-Orbit :proposal-id 12236 :visit-id "13" :orbit-number 3 :pcs-time 222 :si-vis-utilization 3020 :al-overhead-at-end 0 :internal-dur-at-end 0 :dark-offset NIL :dark-utilization 0 :max-dark-utilization 1920 :low-sky "N" :pcs-visibility 3242 :pcs-gap 0 ) (Tic-Orbit :proposal-id 12236 :visit-id "13" :orbit-number 4 :pcs-time 222 :si-vis-utilization 3020 :al-overhead-at-end 0 :internal-dur-at-end 0 :dark-offset NIL :dark-utilization 0 :max-dark-utilization 1920 :low-sky "N" :pcs-visibility 3242 :pcs-gap 0 ) (Tic-Orbit :proposal-id 12236 :visit-id "13" :orbit-number 5 :pcs-time 222 :si-vis-utilization 3020 :al-overhead-at-end 0 :internal-dur-at-end 372 :dark-offset NIL :dark-utilization 0 :max-dark-utilization 1920 :low-sky "N" :pcs-visibility 3242 :pcs-gap 0 ) true 5 0 An image of the galaxy through the slit, to be observed after the acquisition sequence to verify where the nucleus is located on the CCD. Image of lamp through slit in order to determine slit edges. Repeat of orbits 2-4 of visit 13. 1328786955000 273.0 (Tic-Visit :proposal-id 12236 :visit-id "23" :proposal-version -1 :trans-version "20100902" :date "02-May-2011 08:51:26.0" :trans-errors '(:WARNINGS 1 :ERRORS 0 :HEALTH-AND-SAFETY 0 :FATAL-ERRORS 0 :CONTINUABLE-FATALS 0) :number-of-orbits 4 :saa-model "24" :si-bright-earth-limb-angle 20.0 :data-volume 166944 :tdrss-contact-duration 0 :coron NIL ) (Tic-Obset :proposal-id 12236 :visit-id "23" :obset-id "23" :pcs-mode "FGS" ) (Tic-Orbit :proposal-id 12236 :visit-id "23" :orbit-number 1 :pcs-time 333 :si-vis-utilization 2909 :al-overhead-at-end 0 :internal-dur-at-end 0 :dark-offset NIL :dark-utilization 0 :max-dark-utilization 1920 :low-sky "N" :pcs-visibility 3242 :pcs-gap 0 ) (Tic-Orbit :proposal-id 12236 :visit-id "23" :orbit-number 2 :pcs-time 222 :si-vis-utilization 3020 :al-overhead-at-end 0 :internal-dur-at-end 0 :dark-offset NIL :dark-utilization 0 :max-dark-utilization 1920 :low-sky "N" :pcs-visibility 3242 :pcs-gap 0 ) (Tic-Orbit :proposal-id 12236 :visit-id "23" :orbit-number 3 :pcs-time 222 :si-vis-utilization 3020 :al-overhead-at-end 0 :internal-dur-at-end 0 :dark-offset NIL :dark-utilization 0 :max-dark-utilization 1920 :low-sky "N" :pcs-visibility 3242 :pcs-gap 0 ) (Tic-Orbit :proposal-id 12236 :visit-id "23" :orbit-number 4 :pcs-time 222 :si-vis-utilization 3023 :al-overhead-at-end 0 :internal-dur-at-end 337 :dark-offset NIL :dark-utilization 0 :max-dark-utilization 1920 :low-sky "N" :pcs-visibility 3242 :pcs-gap 0 ) true 4 1 An image of the galaxy through the slit, to be observed after the acquisition sequence to verify where the nucleus is located on the CCD. Image of lamp through slit in order to determine slit edges.