CCC - The Cosmic Carbon Conundrum

CCC - The Cosmic Carbon Conundrum We propose STIS G230L ultraviolet spectroscopy of a carefully chosen sample of starburst galaxies to measure the strength of the C III] 1909 and other diagnostic lines. The C III] line is a key indicator of the carbon abundance. Atomic physics and ionization conditions in galaxies preclude any determination of nebular carbon abundances in the optical. Only HST's ultraviolet capabilities allow us to document, explore, model, and interpret the behavior of the 4th most abundant element in the universe in these galaxies. Our sample of 18 galaxies exhibits the signatures of Wolf-Rayet stars, whose presence will greatly facilitate population synthesis modeling and at the same time will provide clues on possible short-comings in stellar evolution modeling. The sample is large enough for meaningful statistics and parameter space coverage but still allows us to reach our science goals in an economic way. Together with short but deep co-spatial optical spectroscopy we will use the data for comparison with Mappings III photoionization models to determine abundances of the major elements. The full star-formation history will be established using the Starburst99 code. We will investigate the behavior of, e.g., C/O vs. O/H in order to constrain the production mechanism of carbon. We will test the predictions of chemical evolution models of galaxies and address the importance of starburst durations, infall, and outflows. The proposed study will help us understand the puzzling carbon abundances in objects as diverse as low-mass Galactic halo stars or distant damped Lyman-alpha absorbers. Our survey is drawn from the sample of W-R galaxies studied by López-Sánchez & Esteban (2008). Their original list includes 20 program galaxies. We dropped two objects: NGC 5253, for which HST archival data are available, and SBS 1211+540, whose faintness would impose prohibitively long exposure times. The resulting list of 18 program galaxies is summarized in Table 1, where we give the galaxy name (col. 1), absolute B magnitude M(B) (col. 2), distance (col. 3), oxygen abundance (col. 4), expected continuum flux at 1900 Å (col. 5), required exposure time to reach S/N = 10 for the line flux of the C III] λ1900 line (col. 6), number of orbits (col. 7), and morphological type (col. 8). We obtained the expected continuum fluxes at 1900 Å from the ground-based spectra of López-Sánchez & Esteban (2009), which reach down to 3500 Å. This procedure is quite reliable as tested for several program galaxies with existing archival UV data. Our tests also suggest that aperture size differences (1ʺ for the ground-based observations, 0.2ʺ for STIS) play no major role in the flux estimate for the continuum because the seeing inflicted light losses through larger ground-based apertures are similar to the losses through smaller, diffraction-limited apertures in space. Following the discussion of Kobulnicky et al. (1999), we require S/N = 10 for the line fluxes in order to determine precise abundances. The C III] λ1909 line is expected to have a typical equivalent width of 2 Å, as suggested by a sample of local star forming galaxies (see Fig. 1) and observation of local H II regions. Therefore the line fluxes of C III] λ1909 were taken to be 2 Å times the continuum fluxes in column 5 of Table 1. The STIS ETC was used to derive the necessary exposure times with the G230L grating in column 6. (G230LB is by far less efficient.) The corresponding number of orbits (column 7) refers to G230L+G430L+G750L and takes into account target visibility, the instrumental overhead, the switch between MAMA and CCD detectors, as well as the exposure times for the optical spectra (see below). Our proposed observing sequence for each galaxy will be as follows. We will acquire with a standard guide star and imaging acquisition (6 + 6 minutes overhead), followed by spectroscopic observations with the G230L grating and the MAMA detector (8 minutes overhead). The 0.2x52 aperture will be used. This aperture is a good compromise between slit loss and spectral resolution. We have successfully used this aperture numerous times in our previous programs dedicated to observations of starburst galaxies. Then we will switch to the CCD side to perform spectroscopy with the G430L and G750L gratings (5 minutes overhead each). The total CCD time including overheads will be less than 30 minutes for all galaxies because the G230L observations are the sole driver of the total exposure time. Therefore we may combine the MAMA and CCD observations in the same orbit. This observational set-up will result in continuous spectra from 1600 to 11,000 Å at a resolving power of ~500 (accounting for spectral degradation due to the slit width). We emphasize the need for co-spatial UV and optical spectra. Therefore the optical HST spectra are not redundant but fulfill a crucial requirement at negligible cost. n/a n/a We request specific orientations for each galaxy in order to place more than one starburst region into the STIS aperture. The HST APT shows scheduling windows for all 18 galaxies with the specified orientations. However, if necessary, we can relax the orientation constraint since our science goals can be reached by observing the main starburst region only. Starburst galaxies are known to be well mixed. Therefore we do not expect to find abundance gradients. The only reason for observing more than one starburst region is the (modest) increase of the S/N. ISM IN EXTERNAL GALAXIES 12 false 0.0 0.0 false false false false SUPPORTED GALAXY EMISSION LINE NEBULA SPIRAL STAR FORMING REGION STARBURST This object was generated by the targetselector and retrieved from the SIMBAD database. HARO15 J2000 J2000 F(1900)=3e-15 GALAXY DWARF COMPACT EMISSION LINE NEBULA STAR FORMING REGION STARBURST This object was generated by the targetselector and retrieved from the SIMBAD database. UM420 J2000 J2000 F(1900)=4e-16 GALAXY EMISSION LINE NEBULA SPIRAL STAR FORMING REGION STARBURST This object was generated by the targetselector and retrieved from the SIMBAD database. IIZW23 J2000 J2000 F(1900)=1e-15 GALAXY EMISSION LINE NEBULA INTERACTING GALAXY STAR FORMING REGION STARBURST This object was generated by the targetselector and retrieved from the SIMBAD database. MRK1089 SBS0459-043 J2000 J2000 F(1900)=3e-15 GALAXY EMISSION LINE NEBULA STAR FORMING REGION STARBURST This object was generated by the targetselector and retrieved from the SIMBAD database. SBS0635+756 J2000 J2000 F(1900)=8e-16 GALAXY EMISSION LINE NEBULA SPIRAL STAR FORMING REGION STARBURST This object was generated by the targetselector and retrieved from the SIMBAD database. SBS0720+335 J2000 J2000 F(1900)=1e-14 GALAXY AMORPHOUS IRREGULAR EMISSION LINE NEBULA STAR FORMING REGION STARBURST This object was generated by the targetselector and retrieved from the NED database. KUG0820+282 J2000 J2000 F(1900)=6e-16 GALAXY EMISSION LINE NEBULA SPIRAL STAR FORMING REGION STARBURST This object was generated by the targetselector and retrieved from the SIMBAD database. J2000 J2000 F(1900)=5e-15 GALAXY DWARF COMPACT EMISSION LINE NEBULA MULTIPLE NUCLEI STAR FORMING REGION STARBURST This object was generated by the targetselector and retrieved from the NED database. J2000 J2000 F(1900)=5e-16 GALAXY EMISSION LINE NEBULA INTERACTING GALAXY SPIRAL STAR FORMING REGION STARBURST This object was generated by the targetselector and retrieved from the NED database. ESO566-IG007+008 J2000 J2000 F(1900)=5e-15 GALAXY DWARF COMPACT EMISSION LINE NEBULA SEYFERT STAR FORMING REGION STARBURST This object was generated by the targetselector and retrieved from the NED database. J2000 J2000 F(1900)=2e-16 GALAXY EMISSION LINE NEBULA STAR FORMING REGION STARBURST This object was generated by the targetselector and retrieved from the SIMBAD database. IRAS10323-2819 ESO435-IG042 J2000 J2000 F(1900)=4e-16 GALAXY AMORPHOUS IRREGULAR DWARF COMPACT EMISSION LINE NEBULA STAR FORMING REGION STARBURST This object was generated by the targetselector and retrieved from the NED database. J2000 J2000 F(1900)=3e-16 GALAXY EMISSION LINE NEBULA STAR FORMING REGION STARBURST This object was generated by the targetselector and retrieved from the SIMBAD database. IRAS11485-2018 J2000 J2000 F(1900)=9e-16 GALAXY AMORPHOUS IRREGULAR DWARF COMPACT EMISSION LINE NEBULA STAR FORMING REGION STARBURST J2000 J2000 F(1900)=2e-16 GALAXY AMORPHOUS IRREGULAR DWARF COMPACT EMISSION LINE NEBULA STAR FORMING REGION STARBURST J2000 J2000 F(1900)=5e-16 GALAXY AMORPHOUS IRREGULAR EMISSION LINE NEBULA STAR FORMING REGION STARBURST IRAS14575-2615 ESO513-IG11 J2000 J2000 F(1900)=3e-15 GALAXY AMORPHOUS IRREGULAR EMISSION LINE NEBULA INTERACTING GALAXY STAR FORMING REGION STARBURST IVZW153 IRAS23276+2515 J2000 J2000 F(1900)=9e-16 STIS/NUV-MAMA Spectroscopic No No G230L 2376 STIS/CCD Spectroscopic No No G430L 4300 STIS/CCD Spectroscopic No No G750L 7751 STIS/NUV-MAMA Spectroscopic No No G230L 2376 STIS/CCD Spectroscopic No No G430L 4300 STIS/CCD Spectroscopic No No G750L 7751 STIS/NUV-MAMA Spectroscopic No No G230L 2376 STIS/CCD Spectroscopic No No G430L 4300 STIS/CCD Spectroscopic No No G750L 7751 STIS/NUV-MAMA Spectroscopic No No G230L 2376 STIS/CCD Spectroscopic No No G430L 4300 STIS/CCD Spectroscopic No No G750L 7751 STIS/NUV-MAMA Spectroscopic No No G230L 2376 STIS/CCD Spectroscopic No No G430L 4300 STIS/CCD Spectroscopic No No G750L 7751 STIS/NUV-MAMA Spectroscopic No No G230L 2376 STIS/CCD Spectroscopic No No G430L 4300 STIS/CCD Spectroscopic No No G750L 7751 STIS/NUV-MAMA Spectroscopic No No G230L 2376 STIS/CCD Spectroscopic No No G430L 4300 STIS/CCD Spectroscopic No No G750L 7751 STIS/NUV-MAMA Spectroscopic No No G230L 2376 STIS/CCD Spectroscopic No No G430L 4300 STIS/CCD Spectroscopic No No G750L 7751 STIS/NUV-MAMA Spectroscopic No No G230L 2376 STIS/CCD Spectroscopic No No G430L 4300 STIS/CCD Spectroscopic No No G750L 7751 STIS/NUV-MAMA Spectroscopic No No G230L 2376 STIS/CCD Spectroscopic No No G430L 4300 STIS/CCD Spectroscopic No No G750L 7751 STIS/NUV-MAMA Spectroscopic No No G230L 2376 STIS/CCD Spectroscopic No No G430L 4300 STIS/CCD Spectroscopic No No G750L 7751 STIS/NUV-MAMA Spectroscopic No No G230L 2376 STIS/CCD Spectroscopic No No G430L 4300 STIS/CCD Spectroscopic No No G750L 7751 STIS/NUV-MAMA Spectroscopic No No G230L 2376 STIS/CCD Spectroscopic No No G430L 4300 STIS/CCD Spectroscopic No No G750L 7751 STIS/NUV-MAMA Spectroscopic No No G230L 2376 STIS/CCD Spectroscopic No No G430L 4300 STIS/CCD Spectroscopic No No G750L 7751 STIS/NUV-MAMA Spectroscopic No No G230L 2376 STIS/CCD Spectroscopic No No G430L 4300 STIS/CCD Spectroscopic No No G750L 7751 STIS/NUV-MAMA Spectroscopic No No G230L 2376 STIS/CCD Spectroscopic No No G430L 4300 STIS/CCD Spectroscopic No No G750L 7751 STIS/NUV-MAMA Spectroscopic No No G230L 2376 STIS/CCD Spectroscopic No No G430L 4300 STIS/CCD Spectroscopic No No G750L 7751 STIS/NUV-MAMA Spectroscopic No No G230L 2376 STIS/CCD Spectroscopic No No G430L 4300 STIS/CCD Spectroscopic No No G750L 7751 The scheduling data was generated by CASM 19.3. CASM was run in Phase II mode. (Tic-Visit :proposal-id 12472 :visit-id "01" :proposal-version -1 :trans-version "20111111" :date "02-Feb-2012 08:59:21.0" :trans-errors '(:WARNINGS 0 :ERRORS 0 :HEALTH-AND-SAFETY 0 :FATAL-ERRORS 0 :CONTINUABLE-FATALS 0) :number-of-orbits 1 :saa-model "24" :si-bright-earth-limb-angle 20.0 :data-volume 234640 :tdrss-contact-duration 0 :coron NIL ) (Tic-Obset :proposal-id 12472 :visit-id "01" :obset-id "01" :pcs-mode "FGS" ) (Tic-Orbit :proposal-id 12472 :visit-id "01" :orbit-number 1 :pcs-time 333 :si-vis-utilization 2912 :al-overhead-at-end 0 :internal-dur-at-end 580 :dark-offset NIL :dark-utilization 0 :max-dark-utilization 1920 :low-sky "N" :pcs-visibility 3245 :pcs-gap 0 ) false 1 0 The scheduling data was generated by CASM 19.3. CASM was run in Phase II mode. (Tic-Visit :proposal-id 12472 :visit-id "02" :proposal-version -1 :trans-version "20110509" :date "06-Jul-2011 15:20:03.0" :trans-errors '(:WARNINGS 0 :ERRORS 0 :HEALTH-AND-SAFETY 0 :FATAL-ERRORS 0 :CONTINUABLE-FATALS 0) :number-of-orbits 2 :saa-model "24" :si-bright-earth-limb-angle 20.0 :data-volume 321648 :tdrss-contact-duration 0 :coron NIL ) (Tic-Obset :proposal-id 12472 :visit-id "02" :obset-id "02" :pcs-mode "FGS" ) (Tic-Orbit :proposal-id 12472 :visit-id "02" :orbit-number 1 :pcs-time 333 :si-vis-utilization 2899 :al-overhead-at-end 0 :internal-dur-at-end 115 :dark-offset NIL :dark-utilization 0 :max-dark-utilization 1920 :low-sky "N" :pcs-visibility 3234 :pcs-gap 0 ) (Tic-Orbit :proposal-id 12472 :visit-id "02" :orbit-number 2 :pcs-time 222 :si-vis-utilization 3011 :al-overhead-at-end 0 :internal-dur-at-end 563 :dark-offset NIL :dark-utilization 0 :max-dark-utilization 1920 :low-sky "N" :pcs-visibility 3234 :pcs-gap 0 ) true 2 0 The scheduling data was generated by CASM 19.3. CASM was run in Phase II mode. 1326020747000 42.0 (Tic-Visit :proposal-id 12472 :visit-id "03" :proposal-version -1 :trans-version "20110509" :date "06-Jul-2011 15:20:34.0" :trans-errors '(:WARNINGS 0 :ERRORS 0 :HEALTH-AND-SAFETY 0 :FATAL-ERRORS 0 :CONTINUABLE-FATALS 0) :number-of-orbits 1 :saa-model "24" :si-bright-earth-limb-angle 20.0 :data-volume 234640 :tdrss-contact-duration 0 :coron NIL ) (Tic-Obset :proposal-id 12472 :visit-id "03" :obset-id "03" :pcs-mode "FGS" ) (Tic-Orbit :proposal-id 12472 :visit-id "03" :orbit-number 1 :pcs-time 333 :si-vis-utilization 2897 :al-overhead-at-end 0 :internal-dur-at-end 582 :dark-offset NIL :dark-utilization 0 :max-dark-utilization 1920 :low-sky "N" :pcs-visibility 3234 :pcs-gap 0 ) true 1 0 The scheduling data was generated by CASM 19.3. CASM was run in Phase II mode. 1327281900000 55.400000000000006 (Tic-Visit :proposal-id 12472 :visit-id "04" :proposal-version -1 :trans-version "20110509" :date "06-Jul-2011 15:24:19.0" :trans-errors '(:WARNINGS 0 :ERRORS 0 :HEALTH-AND-SAFETY 0 :FATAL-ERRORS 0 :CONTINUABLE-FATALS 0) :number-of-orbits 1 :saa-model "24" :si-bright-earth-limb-angle 20.0 :data-volume 234640 :tdrss-contact-duration 0 :coron NIL ) (Tic-Obset :proposal-id 12472 :visit-id "04" :obset-id "04" :pcs-mode "FGS" ) (Tic-Orbit :proposal-id 12472 :visit-id "04" :orbit-number 1 :pcs-time 333 :si-vis-utilization 2897 :al-overhead-at-end 0 :internal-dur-at-end 582 :dark-offset NIL :dark-utilization 0 :max-dark-utilization 1920 :low-sky "N" :pcs-visibility 3234 :pcs-gap 0 ) true 1 0 The scheduling data was generated by CASM 19.3. CASM was run in Phase II mode. (Tic-Visit :proposal-id 12472 :visit-id "05" :proposal-version -1 :trans-version "20110509" :date "06-Jul-2011 15:24:21.0" :trans-errors '(:WARNINGS 0 :ERRORS 0 :HEALTH-AND-SAFETY 0 :FATAL-ERRORS 0 :CONTINUABLE-FATALS 0) :number-of-orbits 1 :saa-model "24" :si-bright-earth-limb-angle 20.0 :data-volume 234640 :tdrss-contact-duration 0 :coron NIL ) (Tic-Obset :proposal-id 12472 :visit-id "05" :obset-id "05" :pcs-mode "FGS" ) (Tic-Orbit :proposal-id 12472 :visit-id "05" :orbit-number 1 :pcs-time 333 :si-vis-utilization 3297 :al-overhead-at-end 0 :internal-dur-at-end 582 :dark-offset NIL :dark-utilization 0 :max-dark-utilization 1920 :low-sky "N" :pcs-visibility 3633 :pcs-gap 0 ) false 1 0 The scheduling data was generated by CASM 19.3. CASM was run in Phase II mode. (Tic-Visit :proposal-id 12472 :visit-id "06" :proposal-version -1 :trans-version "20110509" :date "06-Jul-2011 15:24:23.0" :trans-errors '(:WARNINGS 0 :ERRORS 0 :HEALTH-AND-SAFETY 0 :FATAL-ERRORS 0 :CONTINUABLE-FATALS 0) :number-of-orbits 1 :saa-model "24" :si-bright-earth-limb-angle 20.0 :data-volume 234640 :tdrss-contact-duration 0 :coron NIL ) (Tic-Obset :proposal-id 12472 :visit-id "06" :obset-id "06" :pcs-mode "FGS" ) (Tic-Orbit :proposal-id 12472 :visit-id "06" :orbit-number 1 :pcs-time 333 :si-vis-utilization 2942 :al-overhead-at-end 0 :internal-dur-at-end 582 :dark-offset NIL :dark-utilization 0 :max-dark-utilization 1920 :low-sky "N" :pcs-visibility 3275 :pcs-gap 0 ) true 1 0 The scheduling data was generated by CASM 19.3. CASM was run in Phase II mode. 1325412327000 243.0 (Tic-Visit :proposal-id 12472 :visit-id "07" :proposal-version -1 :trans-version "20110509" :date "06-Jul-2011 15:24:24.0" :trans-errors '(:WARNINGS 0 :ERRORS 0 :HEALTH-AND-SAFETY 0 :FATAL-ERRORS 0 :CONTINUABLE-FATALS 0) :number-of-orbits 1 :saa-model "24" :si-bright-earth-limb-angle 20.0 :data-volume 234640 :tdrss-contact-duration 0 :coron NIL ) (Tic-Obset :proposal-id 12472 :visit-id "07" :obset-id "07" :pcs-mode "FGS" ) (Tic-Orbit :proposal-id 12472 :visit-id "07" :orbit-number 1 :pcs-time 333 :si-vis-utilization 2922 :al-overhead-at-end 0 :internal-dur-at-end 582 :dark-offset NIL :dark-utilization 0 :max-dark-utilization 1920 :low-sky "N" :pcs-visibility 3257 :pcs-gap 0 ) true 1 0 The scheduling data was generated by CASM 19.3. CASM was run in Phase II mode. (Tic-Visit :proposal-id 12472 :visit-id "08" :proposal-version -1 :trans-version "20110509" :date "06-Jul-2011 14:59:11.0" :trans-errors '(:WARNINGS 0 :ERRORS 0 :HEALTH-AND-SAFETY 0 :FATAL-ERRORS 0 :CONTINUABLE-FATALS 0) :number-of-orbits 1 :saa-model "24" :si-bright-earth-limb-angle 20.0 :data-volume 234640 :tdrss-contact-duration 0 :coron NIL ) (Tic-Obset :proposal-id 12472 :visit-id "08" :obset-id "08" :pcs-mode "FGS" ) (Tic-Orbit :proposal-id 12472 :visit-id "08" :orbit-number 1 :pcs-time 333 :si-vis-utilization 3262 :al-overhead-at-end 0 :internal-dur-at-end 582 :dark-offset NIL :dark-utilization 0 :max-dark-utilization 1920 :low-sky "N" :pcs-visibility 3599 :pcs-gap 0 ) false 1 0 The scheduling data was generated by CASM 19.3. CASM was run in Phase II mode. 1329643450000 162.0 (Tic-Visit :proposal-id 12472 :visit-id "09" :proposal-version -1 :trans-version "20110509" :date "06-Jul-2011 14:59:57.0" :trans-errors '(:WARNINGS 0 :ERRORS 0 :HEALTH-AND-SAFETY 0 :FATAL-ERRORS 0 :CONTINUABLE-FATALS 0) :number-of-orbits 2 :saa-model "24" :si-bright-earth-limb-angle 20.0 :data-volume 321648 :tdrss-contact-duration 0 :coron NIL ) (Tic-Obset :proposal-id 12472 :visit-id "09" :obset-id "09" :pcs-mode "FGS" ) (Tic-Orbit :proposal-id 12472 :visit-id "09" :orbit-number 1 :pcs-time 333 :si-vis-utilization 3179 :al-overhead-at-end 200 :internal-dur-at-end 0 :dark-offset NIL :dark-utilization 0 :max-dark-utilization 1920 :low-sky "N" :pcs-visibility 3516 :pcs-gap 0 ) (Tic-Orbit :proposal-id 12472 :visit-id "09" :orbit-number 2 :pcs-time 222 :si-vis-utilization 3291 :al-overhead-at-end 0 :internal-dur-at-end 563 :dark-offset NIL :dark-utilization 0 :max-dark-utilization 1920 :low-sky "N" :pcs-visibility 3516 :pcs-gap 0 ) false 2 0 HOPR repeat of visit 09. (Tic-Visit :proposal-id 12472 :visit-id "19" :proposal-version -1 :trans-version "20120125" :date "27-Feb-2012 06:42:22.0" :trans-errors '(:WARNINGS 0 :ERRORS 0 :HEALTH-AND-SAFETY 0 :FATAL-ERRORS 0 :CONTINUABLE-FATALS 0) :number-of-orbits 2 :saa-model "24" :si-bright-earth-limb-angle 20.0 :data-volume 321648 :tdrss-contact-duration 0 :coron NIL ) (Tic-Obset :proposal-id 12472 :visit-id "19" :obset-id "19" :pcs-mode "FGS" ) (Tic-Orbit :proposal-id 12472 :visit-id "19" :orbit-number 1 :pcs-time 333 :si-vis-utilization 3179 :al-overhead-at-end 198 :internal-dur-at-end 0 :dark-offset NIL :dark-utilization 0 :max-dark-utilization 1920 :low-sky "N" :pcs-visibility 3516 :pcs-gap 0 ) (Tic-Orbit :proposal-id 12472 :visit-id "19" :orbit-number 2 :pcs-time 222 :si-vis-utilization 3291 :al-overhead-at-end 0 :internal-dur-at-end 561 :dark-offset NIL :dark-utilization 0 :max-dark-utilization 1920 :low-sky "N" :pcs-visibility 3516 :pcs-gap 0 ) true 2 0 The scheduling data was generated by CASM 19.3. CASM was run in Phase II mode. (Tic-Visit :proposal-id 12472 :visit-id "10" :proposal-version -1 :trans-version "20110509" :date "06-Jul-2011 15:22:38.0" :trans-errors '(:WARNINGS 0 :ERRORS 0 :HEALTH-AND-SAFETY 0 :FATAL-ERRORS 0 :CONTINUABLE-FATALS 0) :number-of-orbits 1 :saa-model "24" :si-bright-earth-limb-angle 20.0 :data-volume 234640 :tdrss-contact-duration 0 :coron NIL ) (Tic-Obset :proposal-id 12472 :visit-id "10" :obset-id "10" :pcs-mode "FGS" ) (Tic-Orbit :proposal-id 12472 :visit-id "10" :orbit-number 1 :pcs-time 333 :si-vis-utilization 2912 :al-overhead-at-end 0 :internal-dur-at-end 582 :dark-offset NIL :dark-utilization 0 :max-dark-utilization 1920 :low-sky "N" :pcs-visibility 3249 :pcs-gap 0 ) true 1 0 The scheduling data was generated by CASM 19.3. CASM was run in Phase II mode. (Tic-Visit :proposal-id 12472 :visit-id "11" :proposal-version -1 :trans-version "20110509" :date "06-Jul-2011 15:24:28.0" :trans-errors '(:WARNINGS 0 :ERRORS 0 :HEALTH-AND-SAFETY 0 :FATAL-ERRORS 0 :CONTINUABLE-FATALS 0) :number-of-orbits 4 :saa-model "24" :si-bright-earth-limb-angle 20.0 :data-volume 445440 :tdrss-contact-duration 0 :coron NIL ) (Tic-Obset :proposal-id 12472 :visit-id "11" :obset-id "11" :pcs-mode "FGS" ) (Tic-Orbit :proposal-id 12472 :visit-id "11" :orbit-number 1 :pcs-time 333 :si-vis-utilization 3109 :al-overhead-at-end 0 :internal-dur-at-end 115 :dark-offset NIL :dark-utilization 0 :max-dark-utilization 1920 :low-sky "N" :pcs-visibility 3445 :pcs-gap 0 ) (Tic-Orbit :proposal-id 12472 :visit-id "11" :orbit-number 2 :pcs-time 222 :si-vis-utilization 3223 :al-overhead-at-end 85 :internal-dur-at-end 134 :dark-offset NIL :dark-utilization 0 :max-dark-utilization 1920 :low-sky "N" :pcs-visibility 3445 :pcs-gap 0 ) (Tic-Orbit :proposal-id 12472 :visit-id "11" :orbit-number 3 :pcs-time 222 :si-vis-utilization 3223 :al-overhead-at-end 85 :internal-dur-at-end 0 :dark-offset NIL :dark-utilization 0 :max-dark-utilization 1920 :low-sky "N" :pcs-visibility 3445 :pcs-gap 0 ) (Tic-Orbit :proposal-id 12472 :visit-id "11" :orbit-number 4 :pcs-time 222 :si-vis-utilization 3217 :al-overhead-at-end 0 :internal-dur-at-end 582 :dark-offset NIL :dark-utilization 0 :max-dark-utilization 1920 :low-sky "N" :pcs-visibility 3445 :pcs-gap 0 ) false 4 0 The scheduling data was generated by CASM 19.3. CASM was run in Phase II mode. (Tic-Visit :proposal-id 12472 :visit-id "12" :proposal-version -1 :trans-version "20110509" :date "06-Jul-2011 15:24:30.0" :trans-errors '(:WARNINGS 0 :ERRORS 0 :HEALTH-AND-SAFETY 0 :FATAL-ERRORS 0 :CONTINUABLE-FATALS 0) :number-of-orbits 2 :saa-model "24" :si-bright-earth-limb-angle 20.0 :data-volume 321648 :tdrss-contact-duration 0 :coron NIL ) (Tic-Obset :proposal-id 12472 :visit-id "12" :obset-id "12" :pcs-mode "FGS" ) (Tic-Orbit :proposal-id 12472 :visit-id "12" :orbit-number 1 :pcs-time 333 :si-vis-utilization 2924 :al-overhead-at-end 200 :internal-dur-at-end 0 :dark-offset NIL :dark-utilization 0 :max-dark-utilization 1920 :low-sky "N" :pcs-visibility 3257 :pcs-gap 0 ) (Tic-Orbit :proposal-id 12472 :visit-id "12" :orbit-number 2 :pcs-time 222 :si-vis-utilization 3031 :al-overhead-at-end 0 :internal-dur-at-end 563 :dark-offset NIL :dark-utilization 0 :max-dark-utilization 1920 :low-sky "N" :pcs-visibility 3257 :pcs-gap 0 ) true 2 0 The scheduling data was generated by CASM 19.3. CASM was run in Phase II mode. (Tic-Visit :proposal-id 12472 :visit-id "13" :proposal-version -1 :trans-version "20110509" :date "06-Jul-2011 15:24:32.0" :trans-errors '(:WARNINGS 0 :ERRORS 0 :HEALTH-AND-SAFETY 0 :FATAL-ERRORS 0 :CONTINUABLE-FATALS 0) :number-of-orbits 2 :saa-model "24" :si-bright-earth-limb-angle 20.0 :data-volume 321648 :tdrss-contact-duration 0 :coron NIL ) (Tic-Obset :proposal-id 12472 :visit-id "13" :obset-id "13" :pcs-mode "FGS" ) (Tic-Orbit :proposal-id 12472 :visit-id "13" :orbit-number 1 :pcs-time 333 :si-vis-utilization 2964 :al-overhead-at-end 200 :internal-dur-at-end 0 :dark-offset NIL :dark-utilization 0 :max-dark-utilization 1920 :low-sky "N" :pcs-visibility 3301 :pcs-gap 0 ) (Tic-Orbit :proposal-id 12472 :visit-id "13" :orbit-number 2 :pcs-time 222 :si-vis-utilization 3076 :al-overhead-at-end 0 :internal-dur-at-end 563 :dark-offset NIL :dark-utilization 0 :max-dark-utilization 1920 :low-sky "N" :pcs-visibility 3301 :pcs-gap 0 ) true 2 0 The scheduling data was generated by CASM 19.3. CASM was run in Phase II mode. (Tic-Visit :proposal-id 12472 :visit-id "14" :proposal-version -1 :trans-version "20110509" :date "06-Jul-2011 15:16:38.0" :trans-errors '(:WARNINGS 0 :ERRORS 0 :HEALTH-AND-SAFETY 0 :FATAL-ERRORS 0 :CONTINUABLE-FATALS 0) :number-of-orbits 1 :saa-model "24" :si-bright-earth-limb-angle 20.0 :data-volume 234640 :tdrss-contact-duration 0 :coron NIL ) (Tic-Obset :proposal-id 12472 :visit-id "14" :obset-id "14" :pcs-mode "FGS" ) (Tic-Orbit :proposal-id 12472 :visit-id "14" :orbit-number 1 :pcs-time 333 :si-vis-utilization 2912 :al-overhead-at-end 0 :internal-dur-at-end 582 :dark-offset NIL :dark-utilization 0 :max-dark-utilization 1920 :low-sky "N" :pcs-visibility 3249 :pcs-gap 0 ) true 1 0 The scheduling data was generated by CASM 19.3. CASM was run in Phase II mode. (Tic-Visit :proposal-id 12472 :visit-id "15" :proposal-version -1 :trans-version "20110509" :date "06-Jul-2011 15:24:34.0" :trans-errors '(:WARNINGS 0 :ERRORS 0 :HEALTH-AND-SAFETY 0 :FATAL-ERRORS 0 :CONTINUABLE-FATALS 0) :number-of-orbits 4 :saa-model "24" :si-bright-earth-limb-angle 20.0 :data-volume 445440 :tdrss-contact-duration 0 :coron NIL ) (Tic-Obset :proposal-id 12472 :visit-id "15" :obset-id "15" :pcs-mode "FGS" ) (Tic-Orbit :proposal-id 12472 :visit-id "15" :orbit-number 1 :pcs-time 333 :si-vis-utilization 3174 :al-overhead-at-end 0 :internal-dur-at-end 115 :dark-offset NIL :dark-utilization 0 :max-dark-utilization 1920 :low-sky "N" :pcs-visibility 3511 :pcs-gap 0 ) (Tic-Orbit :proposal-id 12472 :visit-id "15" :orbit-number 2 :pcs-time 222 :si-vis-utilization 3288 :al-overhead-at-end 85 :internal-dur-at-end 134 :dark-offset NIL :dark-utilization 0 :max-dark-utilization 1920 :low-sky "N" :pcs-visibility 3511 :pcs-gap 0 ) (Tic-Orbit :proposal-id 12472 :visit-id "15" :orbit-number 3 :pcs-time 222 :si-vis-utilization 3288 :al-overhead-at-end 85 :internal-dur-at-end 0 :dark-offset NIL :dark-utilization 0 :max-dark-utilization 1920 :low-sky "N" :pcs-visibility 3511 :pcs-gap 0 ) (Tic-Orbit :proposal-id 12472 :visit-id "15" :orbit-number 4 :pcs-time 222 :si-vis-utilization 3286 :al-overhead-at-end 0 :internal-dur-at-end 582 :dark-offset NIL :dark-utilization 0 :max-dark-utilization 1920 :low-sky "N" :pcs-visibility 3511 :pcs-gap 0 ) true 4 0 The scheduling data was generated by CASM 19.3. CASM was run in Phase II mode. (Tic-Visit :proposal-id 12472 :visit-id "16" :proposal-version -1 :trans-version "20110509" :date "06-Jul-2011 15:24:36.0" :trans-errors '(:WARNINGS 0 :ERRORS 0 :HEALTH-AND-SAFETY 0 :FATAL-ERRORS 0 :CONTINUABLE-FATALS 0) :number-of-orbits 2 :saa-model "24" :si-bright-earth-limb-angle 20.0 :data-volume 321648 :tdrss-contact-duration 0 :coron NIL ) (Tic-Obset :proposal-id 12472 :visit-id "16" :obset-id "16" :pcs-mode "FGS" ) (Tic-Orbit :proposal-id 12472 :visit-id "16" :orbit-number 1 :pcs-time 333 :si-vis-utilization 3004 :al-overhead-at-end 200 :internal-dur-at-end 0 :dark-offset NIL :dark-utilization 0 :max-dark-utilization 1920 :low-sky "N" :pcs-visibility 3341 :pcs-gap 0 ) (Tic-Orbit :proposal-id 12472 :visit-id "16" :orbit-number 2 :pcs-time 222 :si-vis-utilization 3116 :al-overhead-at-end 0 :internal-dur-at-end 563 :dark-offset NIL :dark-utilization 0 :max-dark-utilization 1920 :low-sky "N" :pcs-visibility 3341 :pcs-gap 0 ) false 2 0 The scheduling data was generated by CASM 19.3. CASM was run in Phase II mode. (Tic-Visit :proposal-id 12472 :visit-id "17" :proposal-version -1 :trans-version "20110509" :date "06-Jul-2011 15:23:58.0" :trans-errors '(:WARNINGS 0 :ERRORS 0 :HEALTH-AND-SAFETY 0 :FATAL-ERRORS 0 :CONTINUABLE-FATALS 0) :number-of-orbits 1 :saa-model "24" :si-bright-earth-limb-angle 20.0 :data-volume 234640 :tdrss-contact-duration 0 :coron NIL ) (Tic-Obset :proposal-id 12472 :visit-id "17" :obset-id "17" :pcs-mode "FGS" ) (Tic-Orbit :proposal-id 12472 :visit-id "17" :orbit-number 1 :pcs-time 333 :si-vis-utilization 2922 :al-overhead-at-end 0 :internal-dur-at-end 582 :dark-offset NIL :dark-utilization 0 :max-dark-utilization 1920 :low-sky "N" :pcs-visibility 3257 :pcs-gap 0 ) true 1 0 The scheduling data was generated by CASM 19.3. CASM was run in Phase II mode. 1327872920000 45.0 (Tic-Visit :proposal-id 12472 :visit-id "18" :proposal-version -1 :trans-version "20110509" :date "06-Jul-2011 15:24:38.0" :trans-errors '(:WARNINGS 0 :ERRORS 0 :HEALTH-AND-SAFETY 0 :FATAL-ERRORS 0 :CONTINUABLE-FATALS 0) :number-of-orbits 1 :saa-model "24" :si-bright-earth-limb-angle 20.0 :data-volume 234640 :tdrss-contact-duration 0 :coron NIL ) (Tic-Obset :proposal-id 12472 :visit-id "18" :obset-id "18" :pcs-mode "FGS" ) (Tic-Orbit :proposal-id 12472 :visit-id "18" :orbit-number 1 :pcs-time 333 :si-vis-utilization 2922 :al-overhead-at-end 0 :internal-dur-at-end 582 :dark-offset NIL :dark-utilization 0 :max-dark-utilization 1920 :low-sky "N" :pcs-visibility 3257 :pcs-gap 0 ) true 1 0