Measuring the Star Formation Efficiency of Molecular Clouds in the Small Magellanic Cloud

0 Assigned ID: 951 ----- Attempting Submission 1 (Fri Apr 05 23:28:01 GMT 2019) ----- HST Phase I Proposal 951 (smc_prems_C27-v2.apt) successfully submitted. Receipt: # 951-1 ----- Attempting Submission 2 (Fri Apr 05 23:53:47 GMT 2019) ----- HST Phase I Proposal 951 (smc_prems_C27-v2.apt) successfully submitted. Receipt: # 951-2 ----- Attempting Submission 3 (Fri Apr 05 23:58:13 GMT 2019) ----- ----- Attempting Submission 4 (Sat Apr 06 00:36:27 GMT 2019) ----- ORBITAL VISIBILITY OVERRUN ORBITAL VISIBILITY OVERRUN ORBITAL VISIBILITY OVERRUN New revision to Phase II (29 Jan 2021): Visits 51, 59, 60, 61 added pursuant to HOPR #91932 where 4 orbits were granted to account for visit failures and changes to new visits were allowed. 49002464 ----- Attempting Submission 1 (Thu Jul 25 01:53:11 GMT 2019) ----- ----- Attempting Submission 2 (Fri Oct 18 20:58:50 GMT 2019) ----- ----- Attempting Submission 4 (Tue Apr 28 21:11:47 GMT 2020) ----- HST Phase II Proposal 15912 successfully submitted. Receipt: # 15912-4 ----- Attempting Submission 5 (Wed Apr 29 21:16:55 GMT 2020) ----- ----- Attempting Submission 6 (Fri Jul 31 12:40:18 GMT 2020) ----- ----- Attempting Submission 7 (Fri Aug 07 15:27:47 GMT 2020) ----- ----- Attempting Submission 8 (Fri Jan 29 23:49:51 GMT 2021) ----- Modest visibility overruns are minimized but make an effort to stay consistent with durations used for failed visits. Measuring the Star Formation Efficiency of Molecular Clouds in the Small Magellanic Cloud The star formation efficiency per gravitational free-fall time (SFE/t_ff) describes the ability of molecular clouds to convert their gas into stars. Theoretical predictions for this critical parameter vary widely, but it is observationally difficult to accurately measure due to the need for a cloud-scale tracer of star formation. Observations of solar-mass pre-main sequence stars in the low-A(V) environment of the nearby Small Magellanic Cloud provide one of the best opportunities to obtain such a tracer, and thereby measure SFE/t_ff when combined with CO mapping of molecular clouds. We propose using ACS and WFC3 to image a gas-rich sample of molecular clouds in the SW Bar of the SMC at optical and near-IR wavelengths to identify a robust sample of pre-MS stars. These clouds have been characterized with ALMA observations, making them ideal targets for studying SFE/t_ff. Our proposed observations will provide a critical bridge between Milky Way and extragalactic studies of star formation efficiency---a cornerstone in our knowledge of star formation scaling laws throughout the Universe. We target 12 fields of view within the southwest bar (SWBar) of the Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC) containing a collection of star-forming molecular clouds. We use the WFC3 and ACS instruments in parallel to image each field in 6 passbands: WFC3/IR - F110W, F160W; WFC3/UVIS - F547M, F657N; ACS/WFC - F475W, F814W. We image pairs of fields in parallel during each 2-orbit visit, using an imaging strategy first employed by the Panchromatic Hubble Andromeda Treasury (PHAT) survey. Most pointings are observed once as a prime target with WFC3 and once as a parallel target with ACS, providing 4-orbit coverage (2 prime, 2 parallel) per pointing, resulting in a program total of 24 orbits. Strict orient requirements are necessary to obtain desired sky coverage and to align prime and parallel observation pairs, which are executed during two visits with orient angles separated by ~180 degrees. Fields are positioned and identified according to WFC3/IR FOVs, as it has the smallest FOV of the three imagers used by this program. The program's imaging footprint consists of: 1) a span of 5 FOVs (F02-F06) that cover the bulk of the B2 molecular cloud complex that contains the N21, N22, N23, N25, and N26 regions; 2) a pair of 2-FOV pointings (F09/F10, F11/F12) that cover the N27 and N12A star-forming regions; 3) three single FOV pointings that cover the N30 (F08) and N34 (F07) star-forming regions and the outskirts of the B1-3 molecular cloud (F01). Region names reflect identifiers from Rubio et al. (1993) for molecular gas and Henize (1956) for HII regions. The first orbit of the visit consists of WFC3/UVIS Halpha & continuum and ACS/WFC F814W imaging, and the second orbit consists of WFC3/IR and F475W imaging. Exposures are dithered to fill the ACS and WFC3/UVIS chip gaps and to obtain subpixel sampling of the instrumental PSF. We obtain 18 exposures per visit (4+1 for F475W, 3+1 for F814W, 4 for F160W, 2 each for F547M & F657N, and 1 for F110W) yielding total exposure times of 2200s + 10s for F475W, 2260s + 15s for F814W, 700s for F110W, 2250s for F160W, 900s for F547M, and 1800s for F657N. Short exposures in the F475W and F814W bands are used to avoid the faint saturation limits resulting from long exposures and extend the accessible dynamical range of well-measured photometry. Also note that significant spatial overlap between ACS/WFC and WFC3/UVIS FOVs provides additional image depth beyond the totals presented above. Dr. L. Clifton Johnson (PI) is an expert in stellar populations analysis, having analyzed star cluster populations across the Local Group, performed CMD and SED fitting of resolved star photometry, and leads the analysis of the pre-MS stars observed as part of the SMIDGE survey (HST GO-13659). Dr. Benjamin Williams is an expert in HST data reduction, having developed the resolved star photometry pipeline for the PHAT multi-cycle treasury survey, and has written multiple papers on star formation histories derived via color magnitude diagram fitting. Dr. Andrew Dolphin is an expert in HST photmetry and color-magnitude diagram fitting, and wrote the DOLPHOT software used by the PHAT photometry pipeline. Dr. Karin Sandstrom is the PI of the SMIDGE survey and is an expert in dust and ISM science. Dr. Karl Gordon is an expert of dust and ISM in the SMC and is the lead developer of the BEAST SED fitting software. Dr. Sandstrom, Dr. Julia Roman-Duval, and Dr. Julianne Dalcanton each have expertise in mapping dust distributions and properties in Local Group galaxies. Dr. Roman-Duval is the PI of the METAL survey (HST GO-14675). Dr. Dalcanton is PI of the PHAT survey as well as a program studying emission line stars in M31 (HST GO-13857). Dr. Katherine Jameson and Dr. Alberto Bolatto are experts in sub-mm and radio observations of the ISM, published multiple papers on the ISM and star formation in the SMC, and Dr. Jameson is PI of two ALMA programs observing CO that will be used in as part of this program's star formation efficiency analysis. Dr. Gregory Feiden is an expert in stellar evolution and has developed stellar models that will be used to fit the properties of pre-MS stars. Stellar Populations Stellar Physics 6 false false false false false false false SUPPORTED EXT-MEDIUM MOLECULAR CLOUD STAR FORMING REGION N21 N23 J2000 EXT-MEDIUM MOLECULAR CLOUD STAR FORMING REGION N22 J2000 EXT-MEDIUM MOLECULAR CLOUD STAR FORMING REGION N25 J2000 EXT-MEDIUM MOLECULAR CLOUD STAR FORMING REGION B2-N J2000 EXT-MEDIUM MOLECULAR CLOUD STAR FORMING REGION B2-N J2000 EXT-MEDIUM MOLECULAR CLOUD STAR FORMING REGION B1-3 J2000 EXT-MEDIUM MOLECULAR CLOUD STAR FORMING REGION N34 J2000 EXT-MEDIUM MOLECULAR CLOUD STAR FORMING REGION N30 J2000 EXT-MEDIUM MOLECULAR CLOUD STAR FORMING REGION N27 J2000 EXT-MEDIUM MOLECULAR CLOUD STAR FORMING REGION N27 J2000 EXT-MEDIUM MOLECULAR CLOUD STAR FORMING REGION N12A J2000 J2000 EXT-MEDIUM MOLECULAR CLOUD STAR FORMING REGION N12A J2000 J2000 WFC3/IR Imaging No No F110W WFC3/IR Imaging No No F160W WFC3/UVIS Imaging No No F547M WFC3/UVIS Imaging No No F657N ACS/WFC Imaging No No F475W ACS/WFC Imaging No No F814W WFC3/IR Imaging No No F110W WFC3/IR Imaging No No F160W WFC3/UVIS Imaging No No F547M WFC3/UVIS Imaging No No F657N ACS/WFC Imaging No No F475W ACS/WFC Imaging No No F814W WFC3/IR Imaging No No F110W WFC3/IR Imaging No No F160W WFC3/UVIS Imaging No No F547M WFC3/UVIS Imaging No No F657N ACS/WFC Imaging No No F475W ACS/WFC Imaging No No F814W WFC3/IR Imaging No No F110W WFC3/IR Imaging No No F160W WFC3/UVIS Imaging No No F547M WFC3/UVIS Imaging No No F657N ACS/WFC Imaging No No F475W ACS/WFC Imaging No No F814W WFC3/IR Imaging No No F110W WFC3/IR Imaging No No F160W WFC3/UVIS Imaging No No F547M WFC3/UVIS Imaging No No F657N ACS/WFC Imaging No No F475W ACS/WFC Imaging No No F814W WFC3/IR Imaging No No F110W WFC3/IR Imaging No No F160W WFC3/UVIS Imaging No No F547M WFC3/UVIS Imaging No No F657N ACS/WFC Imaging No No F475W ACS/WFC Imaging No No F814W 1596813851681 The scheduling data was generated by CASM 29.0. 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CASM was run in Phase II mode. /private/var/folders/zv/6m2hhzy51gbbvtpy90r7n6900000gq/T/OPVisit12373485673411536795.xml (Tic-Visit :proposal-id 15912 :visit-id "51" :proposal-version -1 :trans-version "20200619" :date "29-Jan-2021 17:36:44.0" :trans-errors '(:WARNINGS 1 :ERRORS 0 :HEALTH-AND-SAFETY 0 :FATAL-ERRORS 0 :CONTINUABLE-FATALS 0) :number-of-orbits 1 :saa-model "30" :si-bright-earth-limb-angle 20.0 :data-volume 1148976 :tdrss-contact-duration 0 :coron NIL ) (Tic-Obset :proposal-id 15912 :visit-id "51" :obset-id "51" :pcs-mode "FGS" ) (Tic-Orbit :proposal-id 15912 :visit-id "51" :orbit-number 1 :pcs-time 383 :si-vis-utilization 3157 :al-overhead-at-end 0 :internal-dur-at-end 443 :dark-offset NIL :dark-utilization 0 :max-dark-utilization 1920 :low-sky "N" :pcs-visibility 3525 :pcs-gap 0 ) true 1 1 1596813854653 The scheduling data was generated by CASM 29.0. 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CASM was run in Phase II mode. /private/var/folders/zv/6m2hhzy51gbbvtpy90r7n6900000gq/T/OPVisit2100208113285069646.xml (Tic-Visit :proposal-id 15912 :visit-id "61" :proposal-version -1 :trans-version "20200619" :date "29-Jan-2021 17:05:16.0" :trans-errors '(:WARNINGS 1 :ERRORS 0 :HEALTH-AND-SAFETY 0 :FATAL-ERRORS 0 :CONTINUABLE-FATALS 0) :number-of-orbits 1 :saa-model "30" :si-bright-earth-limb-angle 20.0 :data-volume 1148976 :tdrss-contact-duration 0 :coron NIL ) (Tic-Obset :proposal-id 15912 :visit-id "61" :obset-id "61" :pcs-mode "FGS" ) (Tic-Orbit :proposal-id 15912 :visit-id "61" :orbit-number 1 :pcs-time 383 :si-vis-utilization 3157 :al-overhead-at-end 0 :internal-dur-at-end 443 :dark-offset NIL :dark-utilization 0 :max-dark-utilization 1920 :low-sky "N" :pcs-visibility 3525 :pcs-gap 0 ) true 1 1 1596813870132 The scheduling data was generated by CASM 29.0. 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CASM was run in Phase II mode. /private/var/folders/zv/6m2hhzy51gbbvtpy90r7n6900000gq/T/OPVisit3876302416445342602.xml (Tic-Visit :proposal-id 15912 :visit-id "59" :proposal-version -1 :trans-version "20200619" :date "29-Jan-2021 15:55:10.0" :trans-errors '(:WARNINGS 1 :ERRORS 0 :HEALTH-AND-SAFETY 0 :FATAL-ERRORS 0 :CONTINUABLE-FATALS 0) :number-of-orbits 1 :saa-model "30" :si-bright-earth-limb-angle 20.0 :data-volume 1148976 :tdrss-contact-duration 0 :coron NIL ) (Tic-Obset :proposal-id 15912 :visit-id "59" :obset-id "59" :pcs-mode "FGS" ) (Tic-Orbit :proposal-id 15912 :visit-id "59" :orbit-number 1 :pcs-time 383 :si-vis-utilization 3157 :al-overhead-at-end 0 :internal-dur-at-end 443 :dark-offset NIL :dark-utilization 0 :max-dark-utilization 1920 :low-sky "N" :pcs-visibility 3525 :pcs-gap 0 ) true 1 1 1596813872270 The scheduling data was generated by CASM 29.0. CASM was run in Phase II mode. 1606378178000 45.0 (Tic-Visit :proposal-id 15912 :visit-id "10" :proposal-version -1 :trans-version "20200619" :date "07-Aug-2020 10:24:31.0" :trans-errors '(:WARNINGS 2 :ERRORS 0 :HEALTH-AND-SAFETY 0 :FATAL-ERRORS 0 :CONTINUABLE-FATALS 0) :number-of-orbits 2 :saa-model "29" :si-bright-earth-limb-angle 20.0 :data-volume 4879408 :tdrss-contact-duration 0 :coron NIL ) (Tic-Obset :proposal-id 15912 :visit-id "10" :obset-id "10" :pcs-mode "FGS" ) (Tic-Orbit :proposal-id 15912 :visit-id "10" :orbit-number 1 :pcs-time 383 :si-vis-utilization 3237 :al-overhead-at-end 122 :internal-dur-at-end 1015 :dark-offset NIL :dark-utilization 0 :max-dark-utilization 1920 :low-sky "N" :pcs-visibility 3525 :pcs-gap 0 ) (Tic-Orbit :proposal-id 15912 :visit-id "10" :orbit-number 2 :pcs-time 392 :si-vis-utilization 3218 :al-overhead-at-end 0 :internal-dur-at-end 999 :dark-offset NIL :dark-utilization 0 :max-dark-utilization 1920 :low-sky "N" :pcs-visibility 3525 :pcs-gap 0 ) true 2 2 1611960487293 The scheduling data was generated by CASM 29.0. CASM was run in Phase II mode. /private/var/folders/zv/6m2hhzy51gbbvtpy90r7n6900000gq/T/OPVisit1866739275903424886.xml (Tic-Visit :proposal-id 15912 :visit-id "60" :proposal-version -1 :trans-version "20200619" :date "29-Jan-2021 16:48:07.0" :trans-errors '(:WARNINGS 0 :ERRORS 0 :HEALTH-AND-SAFETY 0 :FATAL-ERRORS 0 :CONTINUABLE-FATALS 0) :number-of-orbits 1 :saa-model "27" :si-bright-earth-limb-angle 20.0 :data-volume 1421120 :tdrss-contact-duration 0 :coron NIL ) (Tic-Obset :proposal-id 15912 :visit-id "60" :obset-id "60" :pcs-mode "FGS" ) (Tic-Orbit :proposal-id 15912 :visit-id "60" :orbit-number 1 :pcs-time 383 :si-vis-utilization 3142 :al-overhead-at-end 0 :internal-dur-at-end 347 :dark-offset NIL :dark-utilization 0 :max-dark-utilization 1920 :low-sky "N" :pcs-visibility 3525 :pcs-gap 0 ) true 1 0 1596813874819 The scheduling data was generated by CASM 29.0. CASM was run in Phase II mode. 1589252975000 225.0 (Tic-Visit :proposal-id 15912 :visit-id "11" :proposal-version -1 :trans-version "20200619" :date "07-Aug-2020 10:24:33.0" :trans-errors '(:WARNINGS 2 :ERRORS 0 :HEALTH-AND-SAFETY 0 :FATAL-ERRORS 0 :CONTINUABLE-FATALS 0) :number-of-orbits 2 :saa-model "29" :si-bright-earth-limb-angle 20.0 :data-volume 4879408 :tdrss-contact-duration 0 :coron NIL ) (Tic-Obset :proposal-id 15912 :visit-id "11" :obset-id "11" :pcs-mode "FGS" ) (Tic-Orbit :proposal-id 15912 :visit-id "11" :orbit-number 1 :pcs-time 383 :si-vis-utilization 3194 :al-overhead-at-end 122 :internal-dur-at-end 1015 :dark-offset NIL :dark-utilization 0 :max-dark-utilization 1920 :low-sky "N" :pcs-visibility 3525 :pcs-gap 0 ) (Tic-Orbit :proposal-id 15912 :visit-id "11" :orbit-number 2 :pcs-time 392 :si-vis-utilization 3218 :al-overhead-at-end 0 :internal-dur-at-end 999 :dark-offset NIL :dark-utilization 0 :max-dark-utilization 1920 :low-sky "N" :pcs-visibility 3525 :pcs-gap 0 ) true 2 2 1596813876948 The scheduling data was generated by CASM 29.0. CASM was run in Phase II mode. 1589332990000 225.0 (Tic-Visit :proposal-id 15912 :visit-id "12" :proposal-version -1 :trans-version "20200619" :date "07-Aug-2020 10:24:36.0" :trans-errors '(:WARNINGS 2 :ERRORS 0 :HEALTH-AND-SAFETY 0 :FATAL-ERRORS 0 :CONTINUABLE-FATALS 0) :number-of-orbits 2 :saa-model "29" :si-bright-earth-limb-angle 20.0 :data-volume 4879408 :tdrss-contact-duration 0 :coron NIL ) (Tic-Obset :proposal-id 15912 :visit-id "12" :obset-id "12" :pcs-mode "FGS" ) (Tic-Orbit :proposal-id 15912 :visit-id "12" :orbit-number 1 :pcs-time 383 :si-vis-utilization 3194 :al-overhead-at-end 122 :internal-dur-at-end 1015 :dark-offset NIL :dark-utilization 0 :max-dark-utilization 1920 :low-sky "N" :pcs-visibility 3525 :pcs-gap 0 ) (Tic-Orbit :proposal-id 15912 :visit-id "12" :orbit-number 2 :pcs-time 392 :si-vis-utilization 3218 :al-overhead-at-end 0 :internal-dur-at-end 999 :dark-offset NIL :dark-utilization 0 :max-dark-utilization 1920 :low-sky "N" :pcs-visibility 3525 :pcs-gap 0 ) true 2 2 1596813389104 The scheduling data was generated by CASM 29.0. CASM was run in Phase II mode. 1602436762000 4.913575908331893 (Tic-Visit :proposal-id 15912 :visit-id "13" :proposal-version -1 :trans-version "20200619" :date "07-Aug-2020 10:16:28.0" :trans-errors '(:WARNINGS 0 :ERRORS 0 :HEALTH-AND-SAFETY 0 :FATAL-ERRORS 0 :CONTINUABLE-FATALS 0) :number-of-orbits 2 :saa-model "27" :si-bright-earth-limb-angle 20.0 :data-volume 2842240 :tdrss-contact-duration 0 :coron NIL ) (Tic-Obset :proposal-id 15912 :visit-id "13" :obset-id "13" :pcs-mode "FGS" ) (Tic-Orbit :proposal-id 15912 :visit-id "13" :orbit-number 1 :pcs-time 383 :si-vis-utilization 3142 :al-overhead-at-end 0 :internal-dur-at-end 347 :dark-offset NIL :dark-utilization 0 :max-dark-utilization 1920 :low-sky "N" :pcs-visibility 3525 :pcs-gap 0 ) (Tic-Orbit :proposal-id 15912 :visit-id "13" :orbit-number 2 :pcs-time 392 :si-vis-utilization 3128 :al-overhead-at-end 0 :internal-dur-at-end 347 :dark-offset NIL :dark-utilization 0 :max-dark-utilization 1920 :low-sky "N" :pcs-visibility 3525 :pcs-gap 0 ) true 2 0