0
Assigned ID: 4626
----- Attempting Submission 1 (Wed May 24 20:45:50 GMT 2023) -----
HST Phase I Proposal 4626 successfully submitted.
Receipt: # 4626-1
----- Attempting Submission 2 (Wed May 24 23:32:10 GMT 2023) -----
HST Phase I Proposal 4626 successfully submitted.
Receipt: # 4626-2
----- Attempting Submission 3 (Wed May 24 23:59:32 GMT 2023) -----
HST Phase I Proposal 4626 successfully submitted.
Receipt: # 4626-3
ORBITAL VISIBILITY OVERRUN
ORBITAL VISIBILITY OVERRUN
ORBITAL VISIBILITY OVERRUN
ORBITAL VISIBILITY OVERRUN
ORBITAL VISIBILITY OVERRUN
ORBITAL VISIBILITY OVERRUN
Trigger on AT2025ulz.
-57100840
----- Attempting Submission 1 (Fri Oct 06 14:43:22 GMT 2023) -----
----- Attempting Submission 2 (Wed Jun 19 17:50:28 GMT 2024) -----
----- Attempting Submission 3 (Thu Aug 21 19:59:24 GMT 2025) -----
These visits are not being utilized.
Understanding the Hubble tension and jet physics through joint electromagnetic and gravitational wave observations of a neutron star merger
The field of gravitational wave (GW) astronomy burst into life after the detection of the first binary black hole merger event by LIGO in 2015. Only two years later, the discovery of the first electromagnetic counterpart to a gravitational wave event, GW170817, revolutionized our understanding of short duration gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) and relativistic jets. Electromagnetic observations of the resulting afterglow emission, arising from the interaction of the jet with the surrounding environment, provided further constraints to the source's viewing angle and distance, breaking the degeneracy in the GW data, and allowing for a precise, and independent, measurement of the Hubble Constant. A sample of ~10 similar events will relieve the so-called Hubble tension. In this program, we propose Hubble Space Telescope observations of a neutron star merger identified through GWs in order to constrain the structure of the GRB jet, its viewing angle, and, in turn, the Hubble constant, through direct observations of the the jet's afterglow emission. This program represents a step towards reaching the ~10 events required for a precision cosmology measurement, and the only opportunity to perform this scientific analysis before 2028.
This is a long-term target of opportunity (ToO) program to study the electromagnetic counterparts of neutron star (NS) mergers discovered in the LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA (LVK) O4 observing run. The observations are non-disruptive, and comprise 28 orbits spread across two separate NS mergers (2x14 orbits) with 5 epochs of observation each. The baseline plan is that the first three visits utilize two orbits each, whereas the final two visits use four orbits each (2+2+2+4+4 = 14 orbits per target).
We have waived our proprietary data rights due to the massive community interest in this topic.
Our team has decades long experience in the field of transients, and, in particular, the use of the Hubble Space Telescope. Our team has significant experience in time-domain surveys and follow-up, including the operation of the Young Supernova Experiment, GW search and follow-up through the Gravity Collective, and the Dark Energy Camera Alliance for Transients. In addition, we have access to follow-up resources using SOAR, GTC, Subaru, Gemini, Keck, SALT, Magellan, LBT, LDT, Magellan, Swope, Las Cumbres Observatory, and Lick Observatory. These resources will allow us to effectively search for, identify, and classify targets for this program, using community insight from GCNs in addition to our own resources.
co-PI Dr. Brendan O'Connor is an expert on gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) with extensive experience working with HST data on past GRBs. His previous work includes studying Chandra and HST observations of GW170817, and analyzing the jet structure of the brightest gamma-ray burst of all time, GRB 221009A, among almost a dozen other GRBs with HST observations.
co-PI Dr. Antonella Palmese is an expert in GW cosmology and GW follow-up. She was a key member of the DECam GW follow-up team who discovered the KN associated to GW170817, and she is now the co-PI and PI of two of the main O4 GW follow-up programs in DECam. She is the co-chair of the DESI Multi-messenger Group, and the lead of the GW efforts within DESI.
Dr. Armin Rest is an instrument scientist of JWST/NIRCam and an associate astronomer at STScI. He is an expert on transients, and a key member of our team regarding HST data analysis. He is likewise a key member of the DECam GW follow-up team, and has spent significant time refining the transient discovery pipelines for DECam.
Dr. Ori Fox is an instrument scientist for JWST/MIRI and has extensive experience utilizing HST for transients, such as supernovae.
Mr. Dave Coulter has experience in orchestrating EM search and follow-up of GW sources through O2 and O3, to the present, and has built various software tools to optimize and analyze data from these searches.
Dr. Paz Beniamini is a theorist studying gamma-ray bursts, and has previously developed analytical calculations, and closure relations, of GRB lightcurves for different structures and viewing angle.
Dr. Geoff Ryan developed the publicly available afterglowpy package for modeling gamma-ray bursts accounting for different jet structures and viewing angles. He worked extensively on a similar analysis to what we propose here for GW170817.
Our team also includes multiple graduate students (Aaron Tohuvavohu, Tomas Cabrera, Keerthi Kunnumkai, Ariel Amsellem) who will be critical to the search and discovery of GW events.
Stellar Physics and Stellar Types
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false
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SUPPORTED
STAR
JET
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The source lies on top of a galaxy and is therefore noted as being extended. However, the transient itself is a point source.
J2000
GW counterpart candidate
GW counterpart candidate
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:low-sky "N"
:pcs-visibility 2987
:pcs-gap 0
)
true
4
3
Awaiting GW trigger
The scheduling data was generated by CASM 33.1.
CASM was run in Phase II mode.
(Tic-Visit
:proposal-id 17583
:visit-id "10"
:proposal-version -1
:trans-version "20250624"
:date "21-Aug-2025 15:08:23.0"
:trans-errors '(:WARNINGS 0 :ERRORS 0 :HEALTH-AND-SAFETY 0
:FATAL-ERRORS 0 :CONTINUABLE-FATALS 0)
:number-of-orbits 2
:saa-model "29"
:si-bright-earth-limb-angle 20.0
:data-volume 2060256
:tdrss-contact-duration 0
:coron NIL
)
(Tic-Obset
:proposal-id 17583
:visit-id "10"
:obset-id "10"
:pcs-mode "FGS"
)
(Tic-Orbit
:proposal-id 17583
:visit-id "10"
:orbit-number 1
:pcs-time 380
:si-vis-utilization 2488
:al-overhead-at-end 0
:internal-dur-at-end 0
:dark-offset NIL
:dark-utilization 0
:max-dark-utilization 1920
:low-sky "N"
:pcs-visibility 2979
:pcs-gap 0
)
(Tic-Orbit
:proposal-id 17583
:visit-id "10"
:orbit-number 2
:pcs-time 380
:si-vis-utilization 2592
:al-overhead-at-end 116
:internal-dur-at-end 668
:dark-offset NIL
:dark-utilization 0
:max-dark-utilization 1920
:low-sky "N"
:pcs-visibility 2979
:pcs-gap 0
)
true
2
0
Awaiting GW trigger
The scheduling data was generated by CASM 33.1.
CASM was run in Phase II mode.
(Tic-Visit
:proposal-id 17583
:visit-id "11"
:proposal-version -1
:trans-version "20250624"
:date "21-Aug-2025 15:08:23.0"
:trans-errors '(:WARNINGS 0 :ERRORS 0 :HEALTH-AND-SAFETY 0
:FATAL-ERRORS 0 :CONTINUABLE-FATALS 0)
:number-of-orbits 2
:saa-model "29"
:si-bright-earth-limb-angle 20.0
:data-volume 2060256
:tdrss-contact-duration 0
:coron NIL
)
(Tic-Obset
:proposal-id 17583
:visit-id "11"
:obset-id "11"
:pcs-mode "FGS"
)
(Tic-Orbit
:proposal-id 17583
:visit-id "11"
:orbit-number 1
:pcs-time 380
:si-vis-utilization 2488
:al-overhead-at-end 0
:internal-dur-at-end 0
:dark-offset NIL
:dark-utilization 0
:max-dark-utilization 1920
:low-sky "N"
:pcs-visibility 2979
:pcs-gap 0
)
(Tic-Orbit
:proposal-id 17583
:visit-id "11"
:orbit-number 2
:pcs-time 380
:si-vis-utilization 2592
:al-overhead-at-end 116
:internal-dur-at-end 668
:dark-offset NIL
:dark-utilization 0
:max-dark-utilization 1920
:low-sky "N"
:pcs-visibility 2979
:pcs-gap 0
)
true
2
0
Awaiting GW trigger
The scheduling data was generated by CASM 33.1.
CASM was run in Phase II mode.
(Tic-Visit
:proposal-id 17583
:visit-id "12"
:proposal-version -1
:trans-version "20250624"
:date "21-Aug-2025 15:08:24.0"
:trans-errors '(:WARNINGS 0 :ERRORS 0 :HEALTH-AND-SAFETY 0
:FATAL-ERRORS 0 :CONTINUABLE-FATALS 0)
:number-of-orbits 2
:saa-model "29"
:si-bright-earth-limb-angle 20.0
:data-volume 2060256
:tdrss-contact-duration 0
:coron NIL
)
(Tic-Obset
:proposal-id 17583
:visit-id "12"
:obset-id "12"
:pcs-mode "FGS"
)
(Tic-Orbit
:proposal-id 17583
:visit-id "12"
:orbit-number 1
:pcs-time 380
:si-vis-utilization 2488
:al-overhead-at-end 0
:internal-dur-at-end 0
:dark-offset NIL
:dark-utilization 0
:max-dark-utilization 1920
:low-sky "N"
:pcs-visibility 2979
:pcs-gap 0
)
(Tic-Orbit
:proposal-id 17583
:visit-id "12"
:orbit-number 2
:pcs-time 380
:si-vis-utilization 2592
:al-overhead-at-end 116
:internal-dur-at-end 668
:dark-offset NIL
:dark-utilization 0
:max-dark-utilization 1920
:low-sky "N"
:pcs-visibility 2979
:pcs-gap 0
)
true
2
0
Awaiting GW trigger
The scheduling data was generated by CASM 33.1.
CASM was run in Phase II mode.
(Tic-Visit
:proposal-id 17583
:visit-id "13"
:proposal-version -1
:trans-version "20250624"
:date "21-Aug-2025 15:08:25.0"
:trans-errors '(:WARNINGS 1 :ERRORS 0 :HEALTH-AND-SAFETY 0
:FATAL-ERRORS 0 :CONTINUABLE-FATALS 0)
:number-of-orbits 4
:saa-model "29"
:si-bright-earth-limb-angle 20.0
:data-volume 4120512
:tdrss-contact-duration 0
:coron NIL
)
(Tic-Obset
:proposal-id 17583
:visit-id "13"
:obset-id "13"
:pcs-mode "FGS"
)
(Tic-Orbit
:proposal-id 17583
:visit-id "13"
:orbit-number 1
:pcs-time 380
:si-vis-utilization 2460
:al-overhead-at-end 0
:internal-dur-at-end 0
:dark-offset NIL
:dark-utilization 0
:max-dark-utilization 1920
:low-sky "N"
:pcs-visibility 2979
:pcs-gap 0
)
(Tic-Orbit
:proposal-id 17583
:visit-id "13"
:orbit-number 2
:pcs-time 380
:si-vis-utilization 2488
:al-overhead-at-end 0
:internal-dur-at-end 0
:dark-offset NIL
:dark-utilization 0
:max-dark-utilization 1920
:low-sky "N"
:pcs-visibility 2979
:pcs-gap 0
)
(Tic-Orbit
:proposal-id 17583
:visit-id "13"
:orbit-number 3
:pcs-time 380
:si-vis-utilization 2592
:al-overhead-at-end 116
:internal-dur-at-end 0
:dark-offset NIL
:dark-utilization 0
:max-dark-utilization 1920
:low-sky "N"
:pcs-visibility 2979
:pcs-gap 0
)
(Tic-Orbit
:proposal-id 17583
:visit-id "13"
:orbit-number 4
:pcs-time 380
:si-vis-utilization 2612
:al-overhead-at-end 116
:internal-dur-at-end 668
:dark-offset NIL
:dark-utilization 0
:max-dark-utilization 1920
:low-sky "N"
:pcs-visibility 2979
:pcs-gap 0
)
true
4
1
Awaiting GW trigger
The scheduling data was generated by CASM 33.1.
CASM was run in Phase II mode.
(Tic-Visit
:proposal-id 17583
:visit-id "14"
:proposal-version -1
:trans-version "20250624"
:date "21-Aug-2025 15:08:26.0"
:trans-errors '(:WARNINGS 1 :ERRORS 0 :HEALTH-AND-SAFETY 0
:FATAL-ERRORS 0 :CONTINUABLE-FATALS 0)
:number-of-orbits 4
:saa-model "29"
:si-bright-earth-limb-angle 20.0
:data-volume 4120512
:tdrss-contact-duration 0
:coron NIL
)
(Tic-Obset
:proposal-id 17583
:visit-id "14"
:obset-id "14"
:pcs-mode "FGS"
)
(Tic-Orbit
:proposal-id 17583
:visit-id "14"
:orbit-number 1
:pcs-time 380
:si-vis-utilization 2460
:al-overhead-at-end 0
:internal-dur-at-end 0
:dark-offset NIL
:dark-utilization 0
:max-dark-utilization 1920
:low-sky "N"
:pcs-visibility 2979
:pcs-gap 0
)
(Tic-Orbit
:proposal-id 17583
:visit-id "14"
:orbit-number 2
:pcs-time 380
:si-vis-utilization 2488
:al-overhead-at-end 0
:internal-dur-at-end 0
:dark-offset NIL
:dark-utilization 0
:max-dark-utilization 1920
:low-sky "N"
:pcs-visibility 2979
:pcs-gap 0
)
(Tic-Orbit
:proposal-id 17583
:visit-id "14"
:orbit-number 3
:pcs-time 380
:si-vis-utilization 2592
:al-overhead-at-end 116
:internal-dur-at-end 0
:dark-offset NIL
:dark-utilization 0
:max-dark-utilization 1920
:low-sky "N"
:pcs-visibility 2979
:pcs-gap 0
)
(Tic-Orbit
:proposal-id 17583
:visit-id "14"
:orbit-number 4
:pcs-time 380
:si-vis-utilization 2612
:al-overhead-at-end 116
:internal-dur-at-end 668
:dark-offset NIL
:dark-utilization 0
:max-dark-utilization 1920
:low-sky "N"
:pcs-visibility 2979
:pcs-gap 0
)
true
4
1
Awaiting GW trigger
The scheduling data was generated by CASM 33.1.
CASM was run in Phase II mode.
(Tic-Visit
:proposal-id 17583
:visit-id "15"
:proposal-version -1
:trans-version "20250624"
:date "21-Aug-2025 15:08:27.0"
:trans-errors '(:WARNINGS 0 :ERRORS 0 :HEALTH-AND-SAFETY 0
:FATAL-ERRORS 0 :CONTINUABLE-FATALS 0)
:number-of-orbits 2
:saa-model "30"
:si-bright-earth-limb-angle 20.0
:data-volume 1810512
:tdrss-contact-duration 0
:coron NIL
)
(Tic-Obset
:proposal-id 17583
:visit-id "15"
:obset-id "15"
:pcs-mode "FGS"
)
(Tic-Orbit
:proposal-id 17583
:visit-id "15"
:orbit-number 1
:pcs-time 380
:si-vis-utilization 2460
:al-overhead-at-end 0
:internal-dur-at-end 0
:dark-offset NIL
:dark-utilization 0
:max-dark-utilization 1920
:low-sky "N"
:pcs-visibility 2979
:pcs-gap 0
)
(Tic-Orbit
:proposal-id 17583
:visit-id "15"
:orbit-number 2
:pcs-time 380
:si-vis-utilization 2440
:al-overhead-at-end 0
:internal-dur-at-end 519
:dark-offset NIL
:dark-utilization 0
:max-dark-utilization 1920
:low-sky "N"
:pcs-visibility 2979
:pcs-gap 0
)
true
2
0
Awaiting GW trigger
The scheduling data was generated by CASM 33.1.
CASM was run in Phase II mode.
(Tic-Visit
:proposal-id 17583
:visit-id "16"
:proposal-version -1
:trans-version "20250624"
:date "21-Aug-2025 15:08:27.0"
:trans-errors '(:WARNINGS 1 :ERRORS 0 :HEALTH-AND-SAFETY 0
:FATAL-ERRORS 0 :CONTINUABLE-FATALS 0)
:number-of-orbits 2
:saa-model "29"
:si-bright-earth-limb-angle 20.0
:data-volume 2310000
:tdrss-contact-duration 0
:coron NIL
)
(Tic-Obset
:proposal-id 17583
:visit-id "16"
:obset-id "16"
:pcs-mode "FGS"
)
(Tic-Orbit
:proposal-id 17583
:visit-id "16"
:orbit-number 1
:pcs-time 380
:si-vis-utilization 2592
:al-overhead-at-end 116
:internal-dur-at-end 0
:dark-offset NIL
:dark-utilization 0
:max-dark-utilization 1920
:low-sky "N"
:pcs-visibility 2979
:pcs-gap 0
)
(Tic-Orbit
:proposal-id 17583
:visit-id "16"
:orbit-number 2
:pcs-time 380
:si-vis-utilization 2612
:al-overhead-at-end 116
:internal-dur-at-end 668
:dark-offset NIL
:dark-utilization 0
:max-dark-utilization 1920
:low-sky "N"
:pcs-visibility 2979
:pcs-gap 0
)
true
2
1
Awaiting GW trigger
The scheduling data was generated by CASM 33.1.
CASM was run in Phase II mode.
(Tic-Visit
:proposal-id 17583
:visit-id "17"
:proposal-version -1
:trans-version "20250624"
:date "21-Aug-2025 15:08:29.0"
:trans-errors '(:WARNINGS 0 :ERRORS 0 :HEALTH-AND-SAFETY 0
:FATAL-ERRORS 0 :CONTINUABLE-FATALS 0)
:number-of-orbits 4
:saa-model "30"
:si-bright-earth-limb-angle 20.0
:data-volume 3621024
:tdrss-contact-duration 0
:coron NIL
)
(Tic-Obset
:proposal-id 17583
:visit-id "17"
:obset-id "17"
:pcs-mode "FGS"
)
(Tic-Orbit
:proposal-id 17583
:visit-id "17"
:orbit-number 1
:pcs-time 380
:si-vis-utilization 2460
:al-overhead-at-end 0
:internal-dur-at-end 0
:dark-offset NIL
:dark-utilization 0
:max-dark-utilization 1920
:low-sky "N"
:pcs-visibility 2979
:pcs-gap 0
)
(Tic-Orbit
:proposal-id 17583
:visit-id "17"
:orbit-number 2
:pcs-time 380
:si-vis-utilization 2460
:al-overhead-at-end 0
:internal-dur-at-end 0
:dark-offset NIL
:dark-utilization 0
:max-dark-utilization 1920
:low-sky "N"
:pcs-visibility 2979
:pcs-gap 0
)
(Tic-Orbit
:proposal-id 17583
:visit-id "17"
:orbit-number 3
:pcs-time 380
:si-vis-utilization 2460
:al-overhead-at-end 0
:internal-dur-at-end 0
:dark-offset NIL
:dark-utilization 0
:max-dark-utilization 1920
:low-sky "N"
:pcs-visibility 2979
:pcs-gap 0
)
(Tic-Orbit
:proposal-id 17583
:visit-id "17"
:orbit-number 4
:pcs-time 380
:si-vis-utilization 2440
:al-overhead-at-end 0
:internal-dur-at-end 709
:dark-offset NIL
:dark-utilization 0
:max-dark-utilization 1920
:low-sky "N"
:pcs-visibility 2979
:pcs-gap 0
)
true
4
0
Awaiting GW trigger
/System/Volumes/Data/solaris/user1/crodriguez/work/hst/OP-cache/17583-v18.xml
The scheduling data was generated by CASM 33.1.
CASM was run in Phase II mode.
(Tic-Visit
:proposal-id 17583
:visit-id "18"
:proposal-version -1
:trans-version "20250624"
:date "22-Aug-2025 14:54:38.0"
:trans-errors '(:WARNINGS 3 :ERRORS 0 :HEALTH-AND-SAFETY 0
:FATAL-ERRORS 0 :CONTINUABLE-FATALS 0)
:number-of-orbits 4
:saa-model "29"
:si-bright-earth-limb-angle 20.0
:data-volume 4620016
:tdrss-contact-duration 0
:coron NIL
)
(Tic-Obset
:proposal-id 17583
:visit-id "18"
:obset-id "18"
:pcs-mode "FGS"
)
(Tic-Orbit
:proposal-id 17583
:visit-id "18"
:orbit-number 1
:pcs-time 380
:si-vis-utilization 2592
:al-overhead-at-end 116
:internal-dur-at-end 0
:dark-offset NIL
:dark-utilization 0
:max-dark-utilization 1920
:low-sky "N"
:pcs-visibility 2987
:pcs-gap 0
)
(Tic-Orbit
:proposal-id 17583
:visit-id "18"
:orbit-number 2
:pcs-time 380
:si-vis-utilization 2612
:al-overhead-at-end 116
:internal-dur-at-end 0
:dark-offset NIL
:dark-utilization 0
:max-dark-utilization 1920
:low-sky "N"
:pcs-visibility 2987
:pcs-gap 0
)
(Tic-Orbit
:proposal-id 17583
:visit-id "18"
:orbit-number 3
:pcs-time 380
:si-vis-utilization 2612
:al-overhead-at-end 116
:internal-dur-at-end 0
:dark-offset NIL
:dark-utilization 0
:max-dark-utilization 1920
:low-sky "N"
:pcs-visibility 2987
:pcs-gap 0
)
(Tic-Orbit
:proposal-id 17583
:visit-id "18"
:orbit-number 4
:pcs-time 380
:si-vis-utilization 2612
:al-overhead-at-end 116
:internal-dur-at-end 668
:dark-offset NIL
:dark-utilization 0
:max-dark-utilization 1920
:low-sky "N"
:pcs-visibility 2987
:pcs-gap 0
)
true
4
3
Awaiting GW trigger