0 Assigned ID: 5973 ----- Attempting Submission 1 (Thu Nov 07 13:02:25 GMT 2024) ----- HST Phase I Proposal 5973 successfully submitted. Receipt: # 5973-1 ----- Attempting Submission 2 (Thu Nov 07 14:27:40 GMT 2024) ----- 0 ----- Attempting Submission 1 (Thu Jan 30 16:00:32 GMT 2025) ----- Unveiling the unseen: a HST first (and only) view of extremely obscured Galactic globular clusters Globular clusters (GCs) are among the oldest known stellar systems in our Galaxy. They are regarded as tracers of the early evolution of the Milky Way (MW), providing important insights into its formation and assembly history. Recently, two peculiar stellar systems in the MW bulge, Terzan 5 and Liller 1, have been found to exhibit properties that are not typical of genuine GCs, such as the presence of multi-iron and/or multi-age subpopulations. Their properties suggest that they could be fossil remnants of more massive structures that contributed to the formation of the bulge. Such outstanding discoveries reinforce the urgency to extend the investigation of the GC population in the MW to include several GCs that have been poorly studied because located in observationally challenging regions. Here we propose a program aimed at an accurate photometric characterization of a sample of 12 clusters located in the most extinct regions of the MW disk and bulge. We plan to observe 12 clusters for the first time with HST, taking advantage of the near-IR capabilities of the WFC3/IR camera to characterize their stellar populations in terms of age, reddening, distance and photometric metallicity. This will allow us to infer whether they are genuine GCs or more exotic systems such as Terzan 5 and Liller 1. In the latter case, these systems would provide invaluable insights into the formation and evolution of the MW. These observations would also have important archival value, as these clusters are not observable with WFC3/UVIS due to their extreme extinction, while their stellar populations would promptly saturate in JWST observations due to their relatively small distances from Earth. The aim of this proposal is to perform an accurate photometric characterization of a sample of 11 globular clusters (GCs) located in the most extinct regions of the MW disk and bulge using WFC3/IR observations to characterize their stellar populations. We plan to organize the observations into a single visit of one HST orbit for each of the 11 GCs, with a total of 11 visits and orbits. Each orbits includes a combinations of images obtained in the F110W and F160W filters using the IR-FIX aperture with a SAMP-SEQ=STEP25 and NSAMP=9-10 for 7 out of the 11 GCs (namely: VVV-CL160, IC-1276, RYU-059, FSR2007-0190,NAME-PWM-2,VVV-CL003, DSH-J180.3-2320). In the case of Glimpse C02, due to its extreme extinction, we plan to use a SAMP-SEQ=STEP100 and NSAMP=8-10 while for the remaining 3 GCS (namely, VVV-CL005, NAME-2MASS-GC04,FSR2007-0584) due to their relatively close distance to the Sun, we set SAMP-SEQ=RAPID and NSAMP=13-15. We apply small shift among different exposures using POS_TARG. Our team has extensive experience in working with both space and ground-based observations of star clusters located in the Galactic bulge. The proposing team has led several HST and JWST observing campaigns with more than 300 orbits awarded over the last ten Cycles and also 5 hours awarded with the JWST during Cycle 1 and 19 h during Cycle 3. The PI of the project, Ms. Martina Loriga, is a PhD student working in the stellar population group at the Department of Physics and Astronomy at Bologna University, with experience in the observational study of globular clusters and resolved stellar populations both from ground and space. The Co-PI of the project, Dr. Mario Cadelano, is an expert on stellar populations in star clusters and in the study of multiple population photometric, structural and kinematical properties. He has a large experience in high-precision stellar photometry in crowded environments, in all photometric bands from the ultraviolet to the near-infrared using both space telescope (JWST, HST, Galex, UVIT) and ground-based telescopes (e.g. ESO-VLT). Prof. Ferraro, Prof. Lanzoni, Dr. Pallanca, Dr. Dalessandro, Dr. Massari and Dr. Origlia have carried out an outstanding number of projects on stellar clusters located in different environmentes (e.g. Galactic bulge, Magellanic Clouds) both through spectroscopy and photometry. They authored the vast majority of papers reporting the discovery and characterization of the stellar populations in Terzan 5 and Liller 1. Dr. Pallanca is an expert in the analysis of stellar populations affected by differential reddening and developed a tool to investigate and correct this effect in crowded stellar fields. Prof. Vesperini is one of the main experts in stellar dynamics of clusters and development of N-body simulations specifically tailored for the study of stellar populations formation and evolution. Dr. Crociati, Dr. Leanza, Dr. Giusti and Dr. Chiappino are young researcher expert on the photometric and spectroscopic analysis of resolved stellar populations. In particular, they have carried out a number of projects aimed at investigating stellar kinematic via proper motions and radial velocity measurements and at the characterization of multiple populations through high-resolution spectroscopy. A selection of papers written by the team in the last few years, using also JWST and HST to study resolved stellar populations in are given below. - "A pulsar in a binary with a compact object in the mass gap between neutron stars and black holes", Barr et al.2024, Science, 383, 275 - "JWST uncovers helium and water abundance variations in the bulge globular cluster NGC 6440", Cadelano et al. 2023, A&A, 679, 13 - "First Evidence of Multi-iron Subpopulations in the Bulge Fossil Fragment Candidate Liller 1", Crociati et al. 2023, ApJ, 951, 17 - "The ESO-VLT MIKiS Survey Reloaded: Exploring the Internal Kinematics of NGC 6440", Leanza et al. 2023, ApJ, 944, 162 - "Clues to the Formation of Liller 1 from Modeling Its Complex Star Formation History", Dalessandro et al. 2022, ApJ, 940, 170 - "Discovery of a Double Sequence of Blue Straggler Stars in the Core-collapsed Globular Cluster NGC 6256", Cadelano et al. 2022, ApJ, 941, 69 - "Expanding the Time Domain of Multiple Populations: Evidence of Nitrogen Variations in the ~1.5 Gyr Old Star Cluster NGC 1783", Cadelano et al. 2022, ApJL, 924, 25, 1247 - "A new class of fossil fragments from the hierarchical assembly of the Galactic bulge", Ferraro et al. 2021, Nature Astronomy, 5, 311 - "A relic from a past merger event in the Large Magellanic Cloud", Mucciarelli et al. 2021, Nature Astronomy - "3D core kinematics of NGC 6362: central rotation in a dynamically evolved globular cluster", Dalessandro et al. 2021, MNRAS, 506, 8131 - "High-resolution Extinction Map in the Direction of the Strongly Obscured Bulge Fossil Fragment Liller 1", Pallanca et al. 2021, ApJ, 917, 92 - "A New Identity Card for the Bulge Globular Cluster NGC 6440 from Resolved Star Counts", Pallanca et al. 2021, ApJ, 913, 137 - "Photometric characterization of multiple populations in star clusters: the impact of the first dredge-up", Salaris et al. 2020, MNRAS, 492, 3459 - "A Family Picture: The Long Term Evolution of Multiple Populations Structures", Dalessandro et al. 2019, ApJ, 884, 24 - "Detection of multiple stellar populations in extragalactic massive clusters with JWST", Salaris et al. 2019, A&A, 629, A40 - "Size diversity of old Large Magellanic Cloud clusters as determined by internal dynamical evolution", Ferraro et al. 2019, Nature Astronomy, 3, 1149 - "Star-density Profiles of Six Old Star Clusters in the Large Magellanic Cloud", Lanzoni et al. 2019, ApJ, 887,176 - "The Peculiar Radial Distribution of Multiple Populations in the Massive Globular Cluster M80", Dalessandro et al. 2018, ApJ, 859, 15 - "The Hubble Space Telescope UV Legacy Survey of Galactic Globular Clusters. XV. The Dynamical Clock: Reading Cluster Dynamical Evolution from the Segregation Level of Blue Straggler Stars" Ferraro et al. 2018, ApJ, 860, 36 - "IC 4499 revised: Spectro-photometric evidence of small light-element variations", Dalessandro et al. 2018, A&A, 618, 131 - "Multiple Populations in the Old and Massive Small Magellanic Cloud Globular Cluster NGC 121" Dalessandro et al. 2016, ApJ 829, 2 Stellar Populations and the Interstellar Medium 6 false false false false false false SUPPORTED STELLAR CLUSTER GLOBULAR CLUSTER This object was generated by the targetselector and retrieved from the SIMBAD database. J2000 J2000 K=18 STELLAR CLUSTER GLOBULAR CLUSTER This object was generated by the targetselector and retrieved from the SIMBAD database. SIMBAD listed proper motion for this target. When retrieving targets with PM from SIMBAD, APT requests the coordinates be calculated with an epoch of the year 2000. Do not modify this epoch. Always review coordinates using the Target Confirmation tool, which graphically displays the PM. J2000 J2000 STELLAR CLUSTER GLOBULAR CLUSTER This object was generated by the targetselector and retrieved from the SIMBAD database. SIMBAD listed proper motion for this target. When retrieving targets with PM from SIMBAD, APT requests the coordinates be calculated with an epoch of the year 2000. Do not modify this epoch. Always review coordinates using the Target Confirmation tool, which graphically displays the PM. J2000 J2000 STELLAR CLUSTER GLOBULAR CLUSTER This object was generated by the targetselector and retrieved from the SIMBAD database. J2000 J2000 STELLAR CLUSTER GLOBULAR CLUSTER This object was generated by the targetselector and retrieved from the SIMBAD database. SIMBAD listed proper motion for this target. When retrieving targets with PM from SIMBAD, APT requests the coordinates be calculated with an epoch of the year 2000. Do not modify this epoch. Always review coordinates using the Target Confirmation tool, which graphically displays the PM. J2000 J2000 STELLAR CLUSTER GLOBULAR CLUSTER This object was generated by the targetselector and retrieved from the SIMBAD database. SIMBAD listed proper motion for this target. When retrieving targets with PM from SIMBAD, APT requests the coordinates be calculated with an epoch of the year 2000. Do not modify this epoch. Always review coordinates using the Target Confirmation tool, which graphically displays the PM. J2000 J2000 J=15 STELLAR CLUSTER GLOBULAR CLUSTER This object was generated by the targetselector and retrieved from the SIMBAD database. SIMBAD listed proper motion for this target. When retrieving targets with PM from SIMBAD, APT requests the coordinates be calculated with an epoch of the year 2000. Do not modify this epoch. Always review coordinates using the Target Confirmation tool, which graphically displays the PM. 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