0Assigned ID: 6157
----- Attempting Submission 1 (Tue Apr 08 13:17:58 GMT 2025) -----No specific comments. The strategy follows that of GO-17435 (same PI) which has demonstrated to be good for this kind of targets.-1638363832----- Attempting Submission 1 (Tue Jul 22 08:25:48 GMT 2025) -----Last but not least: 13 globular clusters to complete the HST legacyWe propose to target 13 unexplored Galactic globular clusters (GCs) with HST WFC3/UVIS. These systems are the only ones out of the 156 Milky Way GCs observable in optical bands that still lack observations to build a deep colour-magnitude diagram in the F606W and F814W bands. They have only been imaged at high-resolution in two bands by Gaia or HST with the Wide-Field Planetary Camera 2 (WFPC2), whose resolution and depth can barely reach the main-sequence turn-off. This hampers their investigation on a plethora of science cases, and leaves them out of the HST monumental legacy on globular clusters. Our proposed observations will fill this gap, thus completing the sample of known Milky Way GCs imaged by HST down to low-mass stars in the HST F606W and F814W filters, and providing the last brushstroke to complete one of HST masterpieces. In fact, having the entire system of Galactic GCs observed i) in the same stable photometric system, ii) from the red giant branch to the faint main sequence, and iii) over wide field-of-views (covering several half-light radii) enables the full investigation of two fundamental science cases. These are: 1) reconstructing the timeline of the MW assembly history by means of the GC age-metallicity relation (the target GCs are likely accreted by still unknown mergers hidden in th distant Halo); 2) testing the universality of the GCs stellar mass function. This is one of the last chances we have to achieve these paramount goals.We target the only 13 MW GCs for which a deep CMD in HST optical bands still does not exist. The sample will be observed with the WFC3/UVIS, in the F606W and F814W bands. The chosen bands are the ideal choice for the successful achievement of the proposed objectives as i) they maximize the precision of age estimates, by reducing the effects produced in the CMD by the presence of multliple stellar populations differing in their light-element abundances; ii) they are efficient in sampling very low-mass, faint GC stars, to explore the mass function to its widest extent. These 13 GCs will be observed following the successful strategy adopted by the ACS survey of Galactic GCs (GO-10775), and the Hubble-Missing Globular CLusters Survey (GO-17435) requiring 1 orbit per filter for each target. Each orbit is used to acquire 3 dithered long exposure plus one short exposure, amounting to total exposure times of ~ 2150 s in F606W and of ~ 2450 s in F814W. According to the WFC3/UVIS ETC, this strategy will enable sampling 2.5 mag or more below the main sequence turn-off (MSTO) point (corresponding to mF606W ~ 26.7) with S/N=10 for all the 13 targets (including, for example, the most distant and the most extincted GC in our sample, namely AM 1 at 123 kpc from us and IC-1257 with E(B-V)~1). Overall, our total request is of 1 orbit per filter per GC for the 13 objects in the sample, thus amounting to 26 orbits. We propose to achieve the overall exposure time per target by taking multiple long exposures with dithers, thus to fill in the WFC3/UVIS inter-CCD gap and provide improved spatial sampling and cosmic-rays rejection. As tested via simulations with the APT tool, one short (~30 s long) exposure per filter will also be acquired, to properly map the bright part of the CMD that will be saturated in the long exposures.Dr. Davide Massari is the PI of the project. He has expertise in the photometric and astrometric reduction of HST data, both with the ACS and the WFC3 cameras. He is expert in the use of globular clusters imaged by HST as tools to investigate the Milky Way formation and evolution, that is the key topic of the proposal. He will coordinate the activities, lead the interpretation of the data related to Objective 1 (age-metallicity relation), and will take care of the distribution of the public products.
Dr. Michele Bellazzini and Dr. Emanuele Dalessandro have long-standing expertise in many topics related to globular cluster science, and will lead the interpretation of the data related to Objective-2 (mass function) of the proposal, including measurements of the mass and the mass-to-light ratio.
Dr. Andrea Bellini and Dr. Mattia Libralato are world-leading experts in the photometric and astrometric reduction of HST imaging data, and have played major roles in the three most successful HST surveys of Galactic globular clusters (GO-10775, PI: Sarajedini; GO-13297, PI: Piotto and GO-17435, PI: Massari). They will lead the team in the data analysis activities.
Overall, our team has led more than 60 papers using HST imaging data over the last 10 years. The team members' expertise cover all the aspects required to successfully investigate the scientific objectives of the program, including the development of theoretical models (Dr. Santi Cassisi, Prof. Maurizio Salaris), of techniques for the analysis of color-magnitude diagrams (Dr. Matteo Monelli, Dr. Carme Gallart, Dr. Elena Pancino, Prof. F.R. Ferraro), of statistical tools for the comparison between data and models (Dr. Sara Saracino, Prof. Fernando Aguado-Agelet), and an in-depth knowledge of the chemistry (Prof. Alessio Mucciarelli and PhD student Edoardo Ceccarelli), the kinematics (Dr. Andrea Bellini, Dr. Mattia Libralato, Dr. Emanuele Dalessandro, Prof. Barbara Lanzoni) and the dynamics (Dr. Davide Massari, Dr. Michele Bellazzini, Dr. Emma Dodd) of globular clusters and field stars.
As demonstrated by more than 200 hours of telescope time awarded in the last two years, the team also possesses the required expertise to obtain follow-up ground-based spectroscopic observations in case more detailed chemical abundance information is required for some of the targets.Stellar Populations and the Interstellar MediumGalaxies6falsefalsefalsefalsetruefalsefalsefalsefalsefalseSUPPORTEDSTELLAR CLUSTERGLOBULAR CLUSTERThis object was generated by the targetselector and retrieved from the SIMBAD database.
SIMBAD listed proper motion for this target. When retrieving targets with PM from SIMBAD, APT requests the coordinates be calculated with an epoch of the year 2000. Do not modify this epoch. Always review coordinates using the Target Confirmation tool, which graphically displays the PM.J2000J2000STELLAR CLUSTERGLOBULAR CLUSTERJ2000J2000STELLAR CLUSTERGLOBULAR CLUSTERThis object was generated by the targetselector and retrieved from the SIMBAD database.
SIMBAD listed proper motion for this target. When retrieving targets with PM from SIMBAD, APT requests the coordinates be calculated with an epoch of the year 2000. Do not modify this epoch. Always review coordinates using the Target Confirmation tool, which graphically displays the PM.J2000J2000STELLAR CLUSTERGLOBULAR CLUSTERThis object was generated by the targetselector and retrieved from the SIMBAD database.
SIMBAD listed proper motion for this target. When retrieving targets with PM from SIMBAD, APT requests the coordinates be calculated with an epoch of the year 2000. Do not modify this epoch. Always review coordinates using the Target Confirmation tool, which graphically displays the PM.J2000J2000STELLAR CLUSTERGLOBULAR CLUSTERThis object was generated by the targetselector and retrieved from the SIMBAD database.
SIMBAD listed proper motion for this target. When retrieving targets with PM from SIMBAD, APT requests the coordinates be calculated with an epoch of the year 2000. Do not modify this epoch. Always review coordinates using the Target Confirmation tool, which graphically displays the PM.J2000J2000STELLAR CLUSTERGLOBULAR CLUSTERThis object was generated by the targetselector and retrieved from the SIMBAD database.
SIMBAD listed proper motion for this target. When retrieving targets with PM from SIMBAD, APT requests the coordinates be calculated with an epoch of the year 2000. Do not modify this epoch. Always review coordinates using the Target Confirmation tool, which graphically displays the PM.J2000J2000STELLAR CLUSTERGLOBULAR CLUSTERThis object was generated by the targetselector and retrieved from the SIMBAD database.
SIMBAD listed proper motion for this target. When retrieving targets with PM from SIMBAD, APT requests the coordinates be calculated with an epoch of the year 2000. Do not modify this epoch. Always review coordinates using the Target Confirmation tool, which graphically displays the PM.J2000J2000STELLAR CLUSTERGLOBULAR CLUSTERThis object was generated by the targetselector and retrieved from the SIMBAD database.
SIMBAD listed proper motion for this target. When retrieving targets with PM from SIMBAD, APT requests the coordinates be calculated with an epoch of the year 2000. Do not modify this epoch. Always review coordinates using the Target Confirmation tool, which graphically displays the PM.J2000J2000STELLAR CLUSTERGLOBULAR CLUSTERThis object was generated by the targetselector and retrieved from the SIMBAD database.
SIMBAD listed proper motion for this target. When retrieving targets with PM from SIMBAD, APT requests the coordinates be calculated with an epoch of the year 2000. Do not modify this epoch. Always review coordinates using the Target Confirmation tool, which graphically displays the PM.J2000J2000STELLAR CLUSTERGLOBULAR CLUSTERThis object was generated by the targetselector and retrieved from the SIMBAD database.
SIMBAD listed proper motion for this target. When retrieving targets with PM from SIMBAD, APT requests the coordinates be calculated with an epoch of the year 2000. Do not modify this epoch. Always review coordinates using the Target Confirmation tool, which graphically displays the PM.J2000J2000STELLAR CLUSTERGLOBULAR CLUSTERThis object was generated by the targetselector and retrieved from the SIMBAD database.
SIMBAD listed proper motion for this target. When retrieving targets with PM from SIMBAD, APT requests the coordinates be calculated with an epoch of the year 2000. Do not modify this epoch. Always review coordinates using the Target Confirmation tool, which graphically displays the PM.J2000J2000STELLAR CLUSTERGLOBULAR CLUSTERThis object was generated by the targetselector and retrieved from the SIMBAD database.
SIMBAD listed proper motion for this target. When retrieving targets with PM from SIMBAD, APT requests the coordinates be calculated with an epoch of the year 2000. Do not modify this epoch. Always review coordinates using the Target Confirmation tool, which graphically displays the PM.J2000J2000STELLAR CLUSTERGLOBULAR CLUSTERThis object was generated by the targetselector and retrieved from the SIMBAD database.
SIMBAD listed proper motion for this target. When retrieving targets with PM from SIMBAD, APT requests the coordinates be calculated with an epoch of the year 2000. Do not modify this epoch. Always review coordinates using the Target Confirmation tool, which graphically displays the PM.J2000J2000WFC3/UVISImagingNoNoF814WWFC3/UVISImagingNoNoF606WWFC3/UVISImagingNoNoF814WWFC3/UVISImagingNoNoF606WWFC3/UVISImagingNoNoF814WWFC3/UVISImagingNoNoF606WWFC3/UVISImagingNoNoF814WWFC3/UVISImagingNoNoF606WWFC3/UVISImagingNoNoF814WWFC3/UVISImagingNoNoF606WWFC3/UVISImagingNoNoF814WWFC3/UVISImagingNoNoF606WWFC3/UVISImagingNoNoF814WWFC3/UVISImagingNoNoF606WWFC3/UVISImagingNoNoF814WWFC3/UVISImagingNoNoF606WWFC3/UVISImagingNoNoF814WWFC3/UVISImagingNoNoF606WWFC3/UVISImagingNoNoF814WWFC3/UVISImagingNoNoF606WWFC3/UVISImagingNoNoF814WWFC3/UVISImagingNoNoF606WWFC3/UVISImagingNoNoF814WWFC3/UVISImagingNoNoF606WWFC3/UVISImagingNoNoF814WWFC3/UVISImagingNoNoF606WThe scheduling data was generated by CASM 33.1.CASM was run in Phase II mode.(Tic-Visit
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