Peering Through the Milky Way: High-precision Weak Lensing Analysis of the Sausage Cluster

0 Assigned ID: 7497 ----- Attempting Submission 1 (Thu Apr 16 17:28:12 GMT 2026) ----- HST Phase I Proposal 7497 successfully submitted. Receipt: # 7497-1 ----- Attempting Submission 2 (Thu Apr 16 18:00:10 GMT 2026) ----- HST Phase I Proposal 7497 successfully submitted. Receipt: # 7497-2 ----- Attempting Submission 3 (Thu Apr 16 19:18:30 GMT 2026) ----- PARALLELS SIGNIFICANTLY EXTEND ALIGNMENT TIME PARALLELS SIGNIFICANTLY EXTEND ALIGNMENT TIME PARALLELS SIGNIFICANTLY EXTEND ALIGNMENT TIME PARALLELS SIGNIFICANTLY EXTEND ALIGNMENT TIME PARALLELS SIGNIFICANTLY EXTEND ALIGNMENT TIME PARALLELS SIGNIFICANTLY EXTEND ALIGNMENT TIME PARALLELS SIGNIFICANTLY EXTEND ALIGNMENT TIME PARALLELS SIGNIFICANTLY EXTEND ALIGNMENT TIME PARALLELS SIGNIFICANTLY EXTEND ALIGNMENT TIME PARALLELS SIGNIFICANTLY EXTEND ALIGNMENT TIME PARALLELS SIGNIFICANTLY EXTEND ALIGNMENT TIME PARALLELS SIGNIFICANTLY EXTEND ALIGNMENT TIME PARALLELS SIGNIFICANTLY EXTEND ALIGNMENT TIME PARALLELS SIGNIFICANTLY EXTEND ALIGNMENT TIME PARALLELS SIGNIFICANTLY EXTEND ALIGNMENT TIME PARALLELS SIGNIFICANTLY EXTEND ALIGNMENT TIME PARALLELS SIGNIFICANTLY EXTEND ALIGNMENT TIME PARALLELS SIGNIFICANTLY EXTEND ALIGNMENT TIME PARALLELS SIGNIFICANTLY EXTEND ALIGNMENT TIME PARALLELS SIGNIFICANTLY EXTEND ALIGNMENT TIME PARALLELS SIGNIFICANTLY EXTEND ALIGNMENT TIME PARALLELS SIGNIFICANTLY EXTEND ALIGNMENT TIME PARALLELS SIGNIFICANTLY EXTEND ALIGNMENT TIME PARALLELS SIGNIFICANTLY EXTEND ALIGNMENT TIME PARALLELS SIGNIFICANTLY EXTEND ALIGNMENT TIME PARALLELS SIGNIFICANTLY EXTEND ALIGNMENT TIME PARALLELS SIGNIFICANTLY EXTEND ALIGNMENT TIME PARALLELS SIGNIFICANTLY EXTEND ALIGNMENT TIME PARALLELS SIGNIFICANTLY EXTEND ALIGNMENT TIME PARALLELS SIGNIFICANTLY EXTEND ALIGNMENT TIME PARALLELS SIGNIFICANTLY EXTEND ALIGNMENT TIME PARALLELS SIGNIFICANTLY EXTEND ALIGNMENT TIME PARALLELS SIGNIFICANTLY EXTEND ALIGNMENT TIME PARALLELS SIGNIFICANTLY EXTEND ALIGNMENT TIME PARALLELS SIGNIFICANTLY EXTEND ALIGNMENT TIME PARALLELS SIGNIFICANTLY EXTEND ALIGNMENT TIME PARALLELS SIGNIFICANTLY EXTEND ALIGNMENT TIME PARALLELS SIGNIFICANTLY EXTEND ALIGNMENT TIME PARALLELS SIGNIFICANTLY EXTEND ALIGNMENT TIME PARALLELS SIGNIFICANTLY EXTEND ALIGNMENT TIME PARALLELS SIGNIFICANTLY EXTEND ALIGNMENT TIME PARALLELS SIGNIFICANTLY EXTEND ALIGNMENT TIME PARALLELS SIGNIFICANTLY EXTEND ALIGNMENT TIME PARALLELS SIGNIFICANTLY EXTEND ALIGNMENT TIME PARALLELS SIGNIFICANTLY EXTEND ALIGNMENT TIME PARALLELS SIGNIFICANTLY EXTEND ALIGNMENT TIME PARALLELS SIGNIFICANTLY EXTEND ALIGNMENT TIME PARALLELS SIGNIFICANTLY EXTEND ALIGNMENT TIME PARALLELS SIGNIFICANTLY EXTEND ALIGNMENT TIME PARALLELS SIGNIFICANTLY EXTEND ALIGNMENT TIME PARALLELS SIGNIFICANTLY EXTEND ALIGNMENT TIME PARALLELS SIGNIFICANTLY EXTEND ALIGNMENT TIME PARALLELS SIGNIFICANTLY EXTEND ALIGNMENT TIME PARALLELS SIGNIFICANTLY EXTEND ALIGNMENT TIME PARALLELS SIGNIFICANTLY EXTEND ALIGNMENT TIME PARALLELS SIGNIFICANTLY EXTEND ALIGNMENT TIME PARALLELS SIGNIFICANTLY EXTEND ALIGNMENT TIME PARALLELS SIGNIFICANTLY EXTEND ALIGNMENT TIME PARALLELS SIGNIFICANTLY EXTEND ALIGNMENT TIME PARALLELS SIGNIFICANTLY EXTEND ALIGNMENT TIME PARALLELS SIGNIFICANTLY EXTEND ALIGNMENT TIME PARALLELS SIGNIFICANTLY EXTEND ALIGNMENT TIME PARALLELS SIGNIFICANTLY EXTEND ALIGNMENT TIME 0 ----- Attempting Submission 1 (Tue Aug 11 22:05:21 GMT 2026) ----- The warnings are about parallels taking extra time. Parallels are an important part of being efficient in this program. Peering Through the Milky Way: High-precision Weak Lensing Analysis of the Sausage Cluster Merging galaxy clusters are ideal laboratories for studying high-energy astrophysics and the nature of dark matter. The Sausage cluster (CIZA J2242.8+5301, z = 0.19) has garnered significant attention because of its rich set of merger signatures, including a 2 Mpc radio relic that traces a bow shock remarkably well and a large separation between the intracluster gas and dark matter. Each of these features provides critical information for selecting analogs from cosmological simulations, and their presence in the Sausage cluster makes it an ideal candidate for constraining dark matter. The key missing ingredient is a high-precision measurement of the dark matter distribution, which has been hampered by the cluster's location near the Galactic plane. We propose 21 orbits of HST observations with ACS/F814W and WFC3/F160W to mitigate the effects of Galactic foregrounds and enable optical/IR studies of the cluster. With these observations, we will perform a high-fidelity weak-lensing analysis that will eclipse previous ground-based efforts. The resulting high-precision mass map will greatly improve our understanding of the subclusters in this system, a critical step in identifying analogs in simulations. We will then use precise lensing constraints on the dark matter distribution to constrain the SIDM cross section by comparison with cosmological SIDM simulations spanning the expected mass range of the Sausage cluster and incorporating robust shock modeling. The program has been granted 21 orbits of WFC3/IR and ACS in parallel. The goal is to efficiently cover the massive components of the Sausage cluster. We have designed an observing program that maximizes the coverage of the Sausage cluster. We have chosen to use the WFC3/IR instrument as the primary with the ACS as secondary. This choice allows us to design contiguous mosaics with WFC3/IR that have ACS parallels that are also contiguous. A 3x3 mosaic pointed at the northern subcluster. A 3x3 mosaic pointed at the southern subcluster. 3 pointings used to increase the depth areas of interest. In all cases, these pointings require restrictions on the position angle of the observatory. Our team consists of experts in multiple facets of the study of galaxy clusters, weak gravitational lensing, and simulations. Dr. Kyle Finner (Caltech/IPAC) is an expert in weak-lensing analysis of merging galaxy clusters. He has published work using HST observations for weak lensing with the ACS and WFC3. He has also combined HST observations with ground-based observations for weak-lensing studies. Prof. M. James Jee (Yonsei University / UC Davis) has over a decade of experience with HST analysis and is an expert in weak lensing, cosmology, and the formation of large scale structure. James is the primary author of a published ground-based weak-lensing analysis of the Sausage cluster. Dr. Wonki Lee (Yonsei University) is an expert in hydrodynamical simulations of merging galaxy clusters. He has published work on reproducing radio relics from cluster mergers and biases that may arise. Dr. Lee Armus (Caltech/IPAC) studies galaxies with the HST and JWST. He has been involved in a number of space-based missions including Spitzer. He is an expert in galaxy evolution and spectroscopic analysis of galaxies. Dr. Andreas Faisst (Caltech/IPAC) is an expert in galaxy evolution studies. Dr Kim Hyeonghan (Duke University) is an expert in weak gravitational lensing and mapping dark matter. Galaxies 6 false false false false false false false SUPPORTED CLUSTER OF GALAXIES RICH CLUSTER This object was generated by the targetselector and retrieved from the SIMBAD database. J2000 J2000 CLUSTER OF GALAXIES RICH CLUSTER This object was generated by the targetselector and retrieved from the SIMBAD database. J2000 J2000 CLUSTER OF GALAXIES RICH CLUSTER J2000 J2000 CLUSTER OF GALAXIES RICH CLUSTER J2000 J2000 CLUSTER OF GALAXIES RICH CLUSTER J2000 J2000 The scheduling data was generated by CASM 34.2. CASM was run in Phase I mode. WFC3/IR Imaging No No F160W The scheduling data was generated by CASM 34.2. CASM was run in Phase I mode. ACS/WFC Imaging No No F814W The scheduling data was generated by CASM 34.2. CASM was run in Phase I mode. WFC3/IR Imaging No No F160W The scheduling data was generated by CASM 34.2. CASM was run in Phase I mode. ACS/WFC Imaging No No F814W The scheduling data was generated by CASM 34.2. CASM was run in Phase I mode. WFC3/IR Imaging No No F160W The scheduling data was generated by CASM 34.2. CASM was run in Phase I mode. ACS/WFC Imaging No No F814W The scheduling data was generated by CASM 34.2. CASM was run in Phase I mode. WFC3/IR Imaging No No F160W The scheduling data was generated by CASM 34.2. CASM was run in Phase I mode. ACS/WFC Imaging No No F814W The scheduling data was generated by CASM 34.2. CASM was run in Phase I mode. WFC3/IR Imaging No No F160W The scheduling data was generated by CASM 34.2. CASM was run in Phase I mode. ACS/WFC Imaging No No F814W 1786485225211 /private/var/folders/zy/srw42_t56mxdxghfv44dhb8r0000gp/T/OPVisit13453999914000650065.xml Hst Same orient constraint links visits (01 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61) The scheduling data was generated by CASM 34.2. CASM was run in Phase II mode. 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(Tic-Visit :proposal-id 18345 :visit-id "66" :proposal-version -1 :trans-version "20260618" :date "11-Aug-2026 14:53:46.0" :trans-errors '(:WARNINGS 3 :ERRORS 0 :HEALTH-AND-SAFETY 0 :FATAL-ERRORS 0 :CONTINUABLE-FATALS 0) :number-of-orbits 1 :saa-model "30" :si-bright-earth-limb-angle 20.0 :data-volume 1624336 :tdrss-contact-duration 0 :coron NIL ) (Tic-Obset :proposal-id 18345 :visit-id "66" :obset-id "66" :pcs-mode "FGS" ) (Tic-Orbit :proposal-id 18345 :visit-id "66" :orbit-number 1 :pcs-time 301 :si-vis-utilization 2627 :al-overhead-at-end 0 :internal-dur-at-end 961 :dark-offset NIL :dark-utilization 0 :max-dark-utilization 1920 :low-sky "N" :pcs-visibility 3026 :pcs-gap 0 ) true 1 0 1786485227373 /private/var/folders/zy/srw42_t56mxdxghfv44dhb8r0000gp/T/OPVisit12275736861490733963.xml Hst Same orient constraint links visits (62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70) The scheduling data was generated by CASM 34.2. CASM was run in Phase II mode. (Tic-Visit :proposal-id 18345 :visit-id "67" :proposal-version -1 :trans-version "20260618" :date "11-Aug-2026 14:53:47.0" :trans-errors '(:WARNINGS 3 :ERRORS 0 :HEALTH-AND-SAFETY 0 :FATAL-ERRORS 0 :CONTINUABLE-FATALS 0) :number-of-orbits 1 :saa-model "30" :si-bright-earth-limb-angle 20.0 :data-volume 1624336 :tdrss-contact-duration 0 :coron NIL ) (Tic-Obset :proposal-id 18345 :visit-id "67" :obset-id "67" :pcs-mode "FGS" ) (Tic-Orbit :proposal-id 18345 :visit-id "67" :orbit-number 1 :pcs-time 301 :si-vis-utilization 2627 :al-overhead-at-end 0 :internal-dur-at-end 961 :dark-offset NIL :dark-utilization 0 :max-dark-utilization 1920 :low-sky "N" :pcs-visibility 3026 :pcs-gap 0 ) true 1 0 1786485227706 /private/var/folders/zy/srw42_t56mxdxghfv44dhb8r0000gp/T/OPVisit7932252840374995499.xml Hst Same orient constraint links visits (62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70) The scheduling data was generated by CASM 34.2. CASM was run in Phase II mode. (Tic-Visit :proposal-id 18345 :visit-id "68" :proposal-version -1 :trans-version "20260618" :date "11-Aug-2026 14:53:47.0" :trans-errors '(:WARNINGS 3 :ERRORS 0 :HEALTH-AND-SAFETY 0 :FATAL-ERRORS 0 :CONTINUABLE-FATALS 0) :number-of-orbits 1 :saa-model "30" :si-bright-earth-limb-angle 20.0 :data-volume 1624336 :tdrss-contact-duration 0 :coron NIL ) (Tic-Obset :proposal-id 18345 :visit-id "68" :obset-id "68" :pcs-mode "FGS" ) (Tic-Orbit :proposal-id 18345 :visit-id "68" :orbit-number 1 :pcs-time 301 :si-vis-utilization 2627 :al-overhead-at-end 0 :internal-dur-at-end 961 :dark-offset NIL :dark-utilization 0 :max-dark-utilization 1920 :low-sky "N" :pcs-visibility 3026 :pcs-gap 0 ) true 1 0 1786485228201 /private/var/folders/zy/srw42_t56mxdxghfv44dhb8r0000gp/T/OPVisit9319651388540154035.xml Hst Same orient constraint links visits (62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70) The scheduling data was generated by CASM 34.2. CASM was run in Phase II mode. (Tic-Visit :proposal-id 18345 :visit-id "69" :proposal-version -1 :trans-version "20260618" :date "11-Aug-2026 14:53:48.0" :trans-errors '(:WARNINGS 3 :ERRORS 0 :HEALTH-AND-SAFETY 0 :FATAL-ERRORS 0 :CONTINUABLE-FATALS 0) :number-of-orbits 1 :saa-model "30" :si-bright-earth-limb-angle 20.0 :data-volume 1624336 :tdrss-contact-duration 0 :coron NIL ) (Tic-Obset :proposal-id 18345 :visit-id "69" :obset-id "69" :pcs-mode "FGS" ) (Tic-Orbit :proposal-id 18345 :visit-id "69" :orbit-number 1 :pcs-time 301 :si-vis-utilization 2627 :al-overhead-at-end 0 :internal-dur-at-end 961 :dark-offset NIL :dark-utilization 0 :max-dark-utilization 1920 :low-sky "N" :pcs-visibility 3026 :pcs-gap 0 ) true 1 0 1786485228523 /private/var/folders/zy/srw42_t56mxdxghfv44dhb8r0000gp/T/OPVisit18440415179786755134.xml Hst Same orient constraint links visits (62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70) The scheduling data was generated by CASM 34.2. CASM was run in Phase II mode. (Tic-Visit :proposal-id 18345 :visit-id "70" :proposal-version -1 :trans-version "20260618" :date "11-Aug-2026 14:53:48.0" :trans-errors '(:WARNINGS 3 :ERRORS 0 :HEALTH-AND-SAFETY 0 :FATAL-ERRORS 0 :CONTINUABLE-FATALS 0) :number-of-orbits 1 :saa-model "30" :si-bright-earth-limb-angle 20.0 :data-volume 1624336 :tdrss-contact-duration 0 :coron NIL ) (Tic-Obset :proposal-id 18345 :visit-id "70" :obset-id "70" :pcs-mode "FGS" ) (Tic-Orbit :proposal-id 18345 :visit-id "70" :orbit-number 1 :pcs-time 301 :si-vis-utilization 2627 :al-overhead-at-end 0 :internal-dur-at-end 961 :dark-offset NIL :dark-utilization 0 :max-dark-utilization 1920 :low-sky "N" :pcs-visibility 3026 :pcs-gap 0 ) true 1 0 1786485337231 /private/var/folders/zy/srw42_t56mxdxghfv44dhb8r0000gp/T/OPVisit2510290161869062963.xml The scheduling data was generated by CASM 34.2. CASM was run in Phase II mode. (Tic-Visit :proposal-id 18345 :visit-id "19" :proposal-version -1 :trans-version "20260618" :date "11-Aug-2026 14:55:37.0" :trans-errors '(:WARNINGS 3 :ERRORS 0 :HEALTH-AND-SAFETY 0 :FATAL-ERRORS 0 :CONTINUABLE-FATALS 0) :number-of-orbits 1 :saa-model "30" :si-bright-earth-limb-angle 20.0 :data-volume 1624336 :tdrss-contact-duration 0 :coron NIL ) (Tic-Obset :proposal-id 18345 :visit-id "19" :obset-id "19" :pcs-mode "FGS" ) (Tic-Orbit :proposal-id 18345 :visit-id "19" :orbit-number 1 :pcs-time 301 :si-vis-utilization 2627 :al-overhead-at-end 0 :internal-dur-at-end 961 :dark-offset NIL :dark-utilization 0 :max-dark-utilization 1920 :low-sky "N" :pcs-visibility 3026 :pcs-gap 0 ) true 1 0 1786485337726 /private/var/folders/zy/srw42_t56mxdxghfv44dhb8r0000gp/T/OPVisit1986193223127453462.xml The scheduling data was generated by CASM 34.2. CASM was run in Phase II mode. (Tic-Visit :proposal-id 18345 :visit-id "20" :proposal-version -1 :trans-version "20260618" :date "11-Aug-2026 14:55:37.0" :trans-errors '(:WARNINGS 3 :ERRORS 0 :HEALTH-AND-SAFETY 0 :FATAL-ERRORS 0 :CONTINUABLE-FATALS 0) :number-of-orbits 1 :saa-model "30" :si-bright-earth-limb-angle 20.0 :data-volume 1624336 :tdrss-contact-duration 0 :coron NIL ) (Tic-Obset :proposal-id 18345 :visit-id "20" :obset-id "20" :pcs-mode "FGS" ) (Tic-Orbit :proposal-id 18345 :visit-id "20" :orbit-number 1 :pcs-time 301 :si-vis-utilization 2627 :al-overhead-at-end 0 :internal-dur-at-end 961 :dark-offset NIL :dark-utilization 0 :max-dark-utilization 1920 :low-sky "N" :pcs-visibility 3026 :pcs-gap 0 ) true 1 0 1786485338054 /private/var/folders/zy/srw42_t56mxdxghfv44dhb8r0000gp/T/OPVisit161025058611034233.xml The scheduling data was generated by CASM 34.2. CASM was run in Phase II mode. (Tic-Visit :proposal-id 18345 :visit-id "21" :proposal-version -1 :trans-version "20260618" :date "11-Aug-2026 14:55:37.0" :trans-errors '(:WARNINGS 3 :ERRORS 0 :HEALTH-AND-SAFETY 0 :FATAL-ERRORS 0 :CONTINUABLE-FATALS 0) :number-of-orbits 1 :saa-model "30" :si-bright-earth-limb-angle 20.0 :data-volume 1624336 :tdrss-contact-duration 0 :coron NIL ) (Tic-Obset :proposal-id 18345 :visit-id "21" :obset-id "21" :pcs-mode "FGS" ) (Tic-Orbit :proposal-id 18345 :visit-id "21" :orbit-number 1 :pcs-time 301 :si-vis-utilization 2627 :al-overhead-at-end 0 :internal-dur-at-end 961 :dark-offset NIL :dark-utilization 0 :max-dark-utilization 1920 :low-sky "N" :pcs-visibility 3026 :pcs-gap 0 ) true 1 0