12176( 3) - 11-Feb-2011 14:56:10 - [ 1] HUBBLE SPACE TELESCOPE OBSERVING PROGRAM 12176 Version: 3 Check-in Time: 11-Feb-2011 14:56:10 STScI Edit Number: 1 Title Long term observations of Saturn's northern auroras ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Type Cycle GO 18 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Investigators Contact? PI: Dr. Jonathan D. Nichols University of Leicester CoI: Prof. John T. Clarke Boston University N CoI: Prof. Jean-Claude M. Gerard Universite de Liege N CoI: Dr. Denis Grodent Universite de Liege N CoI: Prof. Stanley W.H. Cowley University of Leicester N CoI: Dr. Emma J. Bunce University of Leicester N CoI: Dr. Sarah V. Badman Institute of Space & Astronautical Science N CoI: Dr. Dean L. Talboys University of Leicester N CoI: Dr. Tom Stallard University of Leicester N CoI: Dr. Henrik Melin University of Leicester N CoI: Prof. Michele Dougherty Imperial College of Science Technology and N Medicine CoI: Dr. Donald G. Mitchell The Johns Hopkins University Applied N Physics Laboratory CoI: Dr. William S. Kurth University of Iowa N CoI: Dr. Wayne R. Pryor Central Arizona College N CoI: Dr. Frank J. Crary Southwest Research Institute N CoI: Dr. Robert H. Brown University of Arizona N CoI: Dr. Kevin H. Baines Jet Propulsion Laboratory N ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Abstract Auroral emissions are a vital tool in diagnosing the dynamics of planetary magnetospheres. While Saturn?s southern UV auroras have been observed with high-sensitivity cameras onboard the Hubble Space Telescope (HST), the northern auroras have only been observed at very oblique angles. Our understanding of Saturn?s auroral emissions is thus only half complete. However, Saturn has now passed equinox and is moving toward summer in the northern hemisphere, such that the northern auroras are now visible from Earth, and recent results from HST have indicated that Saturn?s northern auroras are not simply mirror images of the southern. The changing seasons are also expected to result in significant changes in magnetospheric phenomena related to the auroras. Observing these changes is a specific goal of the Cassini Solstice Mission (CSM) and, since joint HST-Cassini observations have repeatedly proved to be invaluable, CSM operations are currently being planned specifically with joint HST observations in mind. The observations proposed here will thus execute over Cycles 18-20, and will address the following science questions: What is the morphology of Saturn?s northern auroras? Do Saturn?s auroras change with the planet?s season? How are the auroral emissions of different wavelengths related? The importance of long term HST observations of Saturn?s northern auroras are 12176( 3) - 11-Feb-2011 14:56:10 - [ 2] highlighted by the fact that recent key discoveries would have been missed without the multiyear archive of observations of the planet?s southern auroras. The opportunity to obtain HST images while Cassini makes specifically-tailored supporting observations is an extremely valuable opportunity, and HST is the only instrument capable of providing sustained, high time resolution observations of Saturns auroral emission. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Observations Description ------------------------ These observations will be obtained with the Solar Blind Channel (SBC) of the ACS. The field of view of the ACS/SBC is large enough to encompass the whole disc of the planet plus a significant portion of the rings. The observations could, however, also be obtained with the STIS/FUV-MAMA instrument if the ACS is not functioning, but in practice we prefer to use the ACS, since the sensitivity using e.g. the F125LP filter is ? 1.5 ? 10?3 counts pixel?1 s?1 for 1 kiloRayleigh of H2 plus Lyman-? emission, versus ? 0.5 ? 10?3 counts pixel?1 s?1 for the STIS using the equivalent F25-SrF2 filter. Higher count rates are desirable since planetary rotation introduces ?1?/100 s of blurring of features near the central meridian longitude. Previously measured count rates are ?25, 000 counts s?1, well below the limit of 200, 000 counts s?1. We will use the F115LP filter during the Low Sky portion of the orbit and the F125LP filter outside of this in order to reduce the Ly-? background contamination from the geocorona. For each set of observations, we will also obtain a set of images using the F140LP filter in order to provide the background reflected sunlight for subtraction. We will obtain 100 s exposures, a length experience shows is sufficient to obtain a good signal-to-noise ratio. We request 30 orbits over 3 cycles divided as follows: 5 orbits in Cycle 18, 10 orbits in Cycle 19 and 15 orbits in Cycle 20. This increasing number of orbits per year reflects the increasing view of the northern auroral region as shown in Fig. 1. Observations will be obtained near opposition each year, with pre-opposition providing the best viewing angles due to the Earth?s orbital motion. In the past, Saturn observations have been successfully obtained in both 2-gyro and 3-gyro mode. Real Time Justification ----------------------- Calibration Justification ------------------------- Additional Comments ------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 12176( 3) - 11-Feb-2011 14:56:10 - [ 3] TARGET LIST Solar System Targets ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ TARGET NUMBER: 1 TARGET NAME: SATURN ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ TARGET DESCRIPTION: PLANET PLANET SATURN ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ TARGET POSITION LEVEL 1 TARGET POSITION LEVEL 2 STD=SATURN ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ TARGET POSITION LEVEL 3 WINDOWS SEP OF SATURN RHEA FROM EARTH GT 10.0", SEP OF SATURN TITAN FROM EARTH GT 10.0" ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ DATA COMMENTS V = +0.8 +/- 1.0 Ephemeris Center: EARTH ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 12176( 3) - 11-Feb-2011 14:56:10 - [ 4] Visit: H1 Visit Requirements: BETWEEN 01-APR-2011:00:00:00 AND 01-APR-2011:23:59:59 On Hold Comments: Additional Comments: This visit initiates the sequence of observations near the apoapsis of the orbit of the Cassini spacecraft. Exposures ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Exp | Target | Instr | Oper. | Aper |Spectral|Central| Optional |Num| Time | Special Num | Name | Config | Mode | or FOV |Element |Waveln.| Parameters |Exp| | Requirements ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 1 SATURN ACS/SBC ACCUM SBC-FIX F125LP 5 100 S GS ACQ SCENARIO BASE1B3 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 2 SATURN ACS/SBC ACCUM SBC-FIX F115LP 5 100 S ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 3 SATURN ACS/SBC ACCUM SBC-FIX F115LP 4 100 S ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 4 SATURN ACS/SBC ACCUM SBC-FIX F125LP 5 100 S ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Sub Exposures ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Target | Exp |Instr | Oper. | Aper |Spectral|Cent.|Primary |Secondary |Iteration |CR-SPLIT |Orbit |Duration Name | Num |Config | Mode | or FOV |Element |Wave.|Pattern Pos |Pattern Pos |Num |Num |Number | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ SATURN 1 ACS/SBC ACCUM SBC-FIX F125LP none none 1 none 1 N/A SATURN 1 ACS/SBC ACCUM SBC-FIX F125LP none none 2 none 1 N/A SATURN 1 ACS/SBC ACCUM SBC-FIX F125LP none none 3 none 1 N/A SATURN 1 ACS/SBC ACCUM SBC-FIX F125LP none none 4 none 1 N/A SATURN 1 ACS/SBC ACCUM SBC-FIX F125LP none none 5 none 1 N/A SATURN 2 ACS/SBC ACCUM SBC-FIX F115LP none none 1 none 1 N/A SATURN 2 ACS/SBC ACCUM SBC-FIX F115LP none none 2 none 1 N/A SATURN 2 ACS/SBC ACCUM SBC-FIX F115LP none none 3 none 1 N/A SATURN 2 ACS/SBC ACCUM SBC-FIX F115LP none none 4 none 1 N/A SATURN 2 ACS/SBC ACCUM SBC-FIX F115LP none none 5 none 1 N/A SATURN 3 ACS/SBC ACCUM SBC-FIX F115LP none none 1 none 1 N/A SATURN 3 ACS/SBC ACCUM SBC-FIX F115LP none none 2 none 1 N/A SATURN 3 ACS/SBC ACCUM SBC-FIX F115LP none none 3 none 1 N/A SATURN 3 ACS/SBC ACCUM SBC-FIX F115LP none none 4 none 1 N/A SATURN 4 ACS/SBC ACCUM SBC-FIX F125LP none none 1 none 1 N/A SATURN 4 ACS/SBC ACCUM SBC-FIX F125LP none none 2 none 1 N/A SATURN 4 ACS/SBC ACCUM SBC-FIX F125LP none none 3 none 1 N/A SATURN 4 ACS/SBC ACCUM SBC-FIX F125LP none none 4 none 1 N/A SATURN 4 ACS/SBC ACCUM SBC-FIX F125LP none none 5 none 1 N/A 12176( 3) - 11-Feb-2011 14:56:10 - [ 5] Visit: H2 Visit Requirements: BETWEEN 03-APR-2011:00:00:00 AND 03-APR-2011:23:59:59 On Hold Comments: Additional Comments: This visit is timed to occur ~2 days after visit H1 Exposures ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Exp | Target | Instr | Oper. | Aper |Spectral|Central| Optional |Num| Time | Special Num | Name | Config | Mode | or FOV |Element |Waveln.| Parameters |Exp| | Requirements ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 1 SATURN ACS/SBC ACCUM SBC-FIX F125LP 5 100 S ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 2 SATURN ACS/SBC ACCUM SBC-FIX F115LP 5 100 S ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 3 SATURN ACS/SBC ACCUM SBC-FIX F115LP 4 100 S ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 4 SATURN ACS/SBC ACCUM SBC-FIX F125LP 5 100 S ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Sub Exposures ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Target | Exp |Instr | Oper. | Aper |Spectral|Cent.|Primary |Secondary |Iteration |CR-SPLIT |Orbit |Duration Name | Num |Config | Mode | or FOV |Element |Wave.|Pattern Pos |Pattern Pos |Num |Num |Number | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ SATURN 1 ACS/SBC ACCUM SBC-FIX F125LP none none 1 none 1 N/A SATURN 1 ACS/SBC ACCUM SBC-FIX F125LP none none 2 none 1 N/A SATURN 1 ACS/SBC ACCUM SBC-FIX F125LP none none 3 none 1 N/A SATURN 1 ACS/SBC ACCUM SBC-FIX F125LP none none 4 none 1 N/A SATURN 1 ACS/SBC ACCUM SBC-FIX F125LP none none 5 none 1 N/A SATURN 2 ACS/SBC ACCUM SBC-FIX F115LP none none 1 none 1 N/A SATURN 2 ACS/SBC ACCUM SBC-FIX F115LP none none 2 none 1 N/A SATURN 2 ACS/SBC ACCUM SBC-FIX F115LP none none 3 none 1 N/A SATURN 2 ACS/SBC ACCUM SBC-FIX F115LP none none 4 none 1 N/A SATURN 2 ACS/SBC ACCUM SBC-FIX F115LP none none 5 none 1 N/A SATURN 3 ACS/SBC ACCUM SBC-FIX F115LP none none 1 none 1 N/A SATURN 3 ACS/SBC ACCUM SBC-FIX F115LP none none 2 none 1 N/A SATURN 3 ACS/SBC ACCUM SBC-FIX F115LP none none 3 none 1 N/A SATURN 3 ACS/SBC ACCUM SBC-FIX F115LP none none 4 none 1 N/A SATURN 4 ACS/SBC ACCUM SBC-FIX F125LP none none 1 none 1 N/A SATURN 4 ACS/SBC ACCUM SBC-FIX F125LP none none 2 none 1 N/A SATURN 4 ACS/SBC ACCUM SBC-FIX F125LP none none 3 none 1 N/A SATURN 4 ACS/SBC ACCUM SBC-FIX F125LP none none 4 none 1 N/A SATURN 4 ACS/SBC ACCUM SBC-FIX F125LP none none 5 none 1 N/A 12176( 3) - 11-Feb-2011 14:56:10 - [ 6] Visit: H3 Visit Requirements: BETWEEN 05-APR-2011:00:00:00 AND 05-APR-2011:23:59:59 On Hold Comments: Additional Comments: This visit is timed to occur ~2 days after visit H2. Exposures ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Exp | Target | Instr | Oper. | Aper |Spectral|Central| Optional |Num| Time | Special Num | Name | Config | Mode | or FOV |Element |Waveln.| Parameters |Exp| | Requirements ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 1 SATURN ACS/SBC ACCUM SBC-FIX F125LP 5 100 S GS ACQ SCENARIO BASE1B3 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 2 SATURN ACS/SBC ACCUM SBC-FIX F115LP 5 100 S ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 3 SATURN ACS/SBC ACCUM SBC-FIX F115LP 4 100 S ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 4 SATURN ACS/SBC ACCUM SBC-FIX F125LP 5 100 S ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Sub Exposures ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Target | Exp |Instr | Oper. | Aper |Spectral|Cent.|Primary |Secondary |Iteration |CR-SPLIT |Orbit |Duration Name | Num |Config | Mode | or FOV |Element |Wave.|Pattern Pos |Pattern Pos |Num |Num |Number | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ SATURN 1 ACS/SBC ACCUM SBC-FIX F125LP none none 1 none 1 N/A SATURN 1 ACS/SBC ACCUM SBC-FIX F125LP none none 2 none 1 N/A SATURN 1 ACS/SBC ACCUM SBC-FIX F125LP none none 3 none 1 N/A SATURN 1 ACS/SBC ACCUM SBC-FIX F125LP none none 4 none 1 N/A SATURN 1 ACS/SBC ACCUM SBC-FIX F125LP none none 5 none 1 N/A SATURN 2 ACS/SBC ACCUM SBC-FIX F115LP none none 1 none 1 N/A SATURN 2 ACS/SBC ACCUM SBC-FIX F115LP none none 2 none 1 N/A SATURN 2 ACS/SBC ACCUM SBC-FIX F115LP none none 3 none 1 N/A SATURN 2 ACS/SBC ACCUM SBC-FIX F115LP none none 4 none 1 N/A SATURN 2 ACS/SBC ACCUM SBC-FIX F115LP none none 5 none 1 N/A SATURN 3 ACS/SBC ACCUM SBC-FIX F115LP none none 1 none 1 N/A SATURN 3 ACS/SBC ACCUM SBC-FIX F115LP none none 2 none 1 N/A SATURN 3 ACS/SBC ACCUM SBC-FIX F115LP none none 3 none 1 N/A SATURN 3 ACS/SBC ACCUM SBC-FIX F115LP none none 4 none 1 N/A SATURN 4 ACS/SBC ACCUM SBC-FIX F125LP none none 1 none 1 N/A SATURN 4 ACS/SBC ACCUM SBC-FIX F125LP none none 2 none 1 N/A SATURN 4 ACS/SBC ACCUM SBC-FIX F125LP none none 3 none 1 N/A SATURN 4 ACS/SBC ACCUM SBC-FIX F125LP none none 4 none 1 N/A SATURN 4 ACS/SBC ACCUM SBC-FIX F125LP none none 5 none 1 N/A 12176( 3) - 11-Feb-2011 14:56:10 - [ 7] Visit: H4 Visit Requirements: BETWEEN 07-APR-2011:00:00:00 AND 07-APR-2011:23:59:59 On Hold Comments: Additional Comments: This visit is timed to occur ~2 days after visit H3. A related Cassini UVIS observation is also scheduled to occur on 7 April. Exposures ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Exp | Target | Instr | Oper. | Aper |Spectral|Central| Optional |Num| Time | Special Num | Name | Config | Mode | or FOV |Element |Waveln.| Parameters |Exp| | Requirements ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 1 SATURN ACS/SBC ACCUM SBC-FIX F125LP 5 100 S ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 2 SATURN ACS/SBC ACCUM SBC-FIX F115LP 5 100 S ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 3 SATURN ACS/SBC ACCUM SBC-FIX F115LP 4 100 S ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 4 SATURN ACS/SBC ACCUM SBC-FIX F125LP 5 100 S ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Sub Exposures ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Target | Exp |Instr | Oper. | Aper |Spectral|Cent.|Primary |Secondary |Iteration |CR-SPLIT |Orbit |Duration Name | Num |Config | Mode | or FOV |Element |Wave.|Pattern Pos |Pattern Pos |Num |Num |Number | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ SATURN 1 ACS/SBC ACCUM SBC-FIX F125LP none none 1 none 1 N/A SATURN 1 ACS/SBC ACCUM SBC-FIX F125LP none none 2 none 1 N/A SATURN 1 ACS/SBC ACCUM SBC-FIX F125LP none none 3 none 1 N/A SATURN 1 ACS/SBC ACCUM SBC-FIX F125LP none none 4 none 1 N/A SATURN 1 ACS/SBC ACCUM SBC-FIX F125LP none none 5 none 1 N/A SATURN 2 ACS/SBC ACCUM SBC-FIX F115LP none none 1 none 1 N/A SATURN 2 ACS/SBC ACCUM SBC-FIX F115LP none none 2 none 1 N/A SATURN 2 ACS/SBC ACCUM SBC-FIX F115LP none none 3 none 1 N/A SATURN 2 ACS/SBC ACCUM SBC-FIX F115LP none none 4 none 1 N/A SATURN 2 ACS/SBC ACCUM SBC-FIX F115LP none none 5 none 1 N/A SATURN 3 ACS/SBC ACCUM SBC-FIX F115LP none none 1 none 1 N/A SATURN 3 ACS/SBC ACCUM SBC-FIX F115LP none none 2 none 1 N/A SATURN 3 ACS/SBC ACCUM SBC-FIX F115LP none none 3 none 1 N/A SATURN 3 ACS/SBC ACCUM SBC-FIX F115LP none none 4 none 1 N/A SATURN 4 ACS/SBC ACCUM SBC-FIX F125LP none none 1 none 1 N/A SATURN 4 ACS/SBC ACCUM SBC-FIX F125LP none none 2 none 1 N/A SATURN 4 ACS/SBC ACCUM SBC-FIX F125LP none none 3 none 1 N/A SATURN 4 ACS/SBC ACCUM SBC-FIX F125LP none none 4 none 1 N/A SATURN 4 ACS/SBC ACCUM SBC-FIX F125LP none none 5 none 1 N/A 12176( 3) - 11-Feb-2011 14:56:10 - [ 8] Visit: H5 Visit Requirements: BETWEEN 09-APR-2011:00:00:00 AND 09-APR-2011:23:59:59 On Hold Comments: Additional Comments: This visit is timed to occur ~2 days after visit H4. This visit contains the set of F140 images for this Cycle. Exposures ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Exp | Target | Instr | Oper. | Aper |Spectral|Central| Optional |Num| Time | Special Num | Name | Config | Mode | or FOV |Element |Waveln.| Parameters |Exp| | Requirements ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 1 SATURN ACS/SBC ACCUM SBC-FIX F125LP 5 100 S ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 2 SATURN ACS/SBC ACCUM SBC-FIX F115LP 5 100 S ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 3 SATURN ACS/SBC ACCUM SBC-FIX F140LP 4 100 S ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 4 SATURN ACS/SBC ACCUM SBC-FIX F125LP 5 100 S ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Sub Exposures ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Target | Exp |Instr | Oper. | Aper |Spectral|Cent.|Primary |Secondary |Iteration |CR-SPLIT |Orbit |Duration Name | Num |Config | Mode | or FOV |Element |Wave.|Pattern Pos |Pattern Pos |Num |Num |Number | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ SATURN 1 ACS/SBC ACCUM SBC-FIX F125LP none none 1 none 1 N/A SATURN 1 ACS/SBC ACCUM SBC-FIX F125LP none none 2 none 1 N/A SATURN 1 ACS/SBC ACCUM SBC-FIX F125LP none none 3 none 1 N/A SATURN 1 ACS/SBC ACCUM SBC-FIX F125LP none none 4 none 1 N/A SATURN 1 ACS/SBC ACCUM SBC-FIX F125LP none none 5 none 1 N/A SATURN 2 ACS/SBC ACCUM SBC-FIX F115LP none none 1 none 1 N/A SATURN 2 ACS/SBC ACCUM SBC-FIX F115LP none none 2 none 1 N/A SATURN 2 ACS/SBC ACCUM SBC-FIX F115LP none none 3 none 1 N/A SATURN 2 ACS/SBC ACCUM SBC-FIX F115LP none none 4 none 1 N/A SATURN 2 ACS/SBC ACCUM SBC-FIX F115LP none none 5 none 1 N/A SATURN 3 ACS/SBC ACCUM SBC-FIX F140LP none none 1 none 1 N/A SATURN 3 ACS/SBC ACCUM SBC-FIX F140LP none none 2 none 1 N/A SATURN 3 ACS/SBC ACCUM SBC-FIX F140LP none none 3 none 1 N/A SATURN 3 ACS/SBC ACCUM SBC-FIX F140LP none none 4 none 1 N/A SATURN 4 ACS/SBC ACCUM SBC-FIX F125LP none none 1 none 1 N/A SATURN 4 ACS/SBC ACCUM SBC-FIX F125LP none none 2 none 1 N/A SATURN 4 ACS/SBC ACCUM SBC-FIX F125LP none none 3 none 1 N/A SATURN 4 ACS/SBC ACCUM SBC-FIX F125LP none none 4 none 1 N/A SATURN 4 ACS/SBC ACCUM SBC-FIX F125LP none none 5 none 1 N/A 12176( 3) - 11-Feb-2011 14:56:10 - [ 9] Summary Form for Proposal 12176 Item Used in this proposal ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Apertures SBC-FIX ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Configurations ACS/SBC ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Opmodes ACCUM ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Optional Parameters ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Special Requirements BETWEEN 01-APR-2011:00:00:00 AND 01-APR-2011:23:59:59, BETWEEN 03-APR-2011:00:00:00 AND 03-APR-2011:23:59:59, BETWEEN 05-APR-2011:00:00:00 AND 05-APR-2011:23:59:59, BETWEEN 07-APR-2011:00:00:00 AND 07-APR-2011:23:59:59, BETWEEN 09-APR-2011:00:00:00 AND 09-APR-2011:23:59:59, GS ACQ SCENARIO BASE1B3 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Spectral Elements F115LP, F125LP, F140LP ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Target Names SATURN ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------