13006( 2) - 12-Jul-2012 20:28:38 - [ 1] HUBBLE SPACE TELESCOPE OBSERVING PROGRAM 13006 Version: 2 Check-in Time: 12-Jul-2012 20:28:38 STScI Edit Number: 0 Title Measuring the Albedo of HD189733b at Optical Wavelengths ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Type Cycle GO 20 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Investigators Contact? PI: Dr. Frederic J. Pont University of Exeter Y CoI: Prof. Heather A. Knutson California Institute of Technology N CoI: Dr. David Kent Sing University of Exeter Y CoI: Dr. Suzanne Aigrain University of Oxford N CoI: Dr. Alain Lecavelier des Etangs CNRS, Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris N CoI: Dr. Jean-Michel Desert California Institute of Technology N CoI: Dr. Kevin Heng Eidgenossiche Technische Hochschule (ETH) N ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Abstract The hot Jupiters HD 189733b and HD 209458b are the cornerstones of our current understanding of exoplanetary atmospheres, having been well-observed across a broad range of wavelengths. Significant differences exist between them: the transmission spectrum of HD 209458b reveals a transparent atmosphere dominated by alkali metal lines, in stark contrast to the haze-covered atmosphere of HD 189733b. An exoplanetary atmosphere dominated by optical scattering, due to haze, is expected to possess a relatively high albedo. Measuring the albedo requires detecting the optical secondary eclipse, which has never been accomplished for HD 189733b. We propose to measure the planetary albedo of HD 189733b, thereby elucidating the importance of the observed haze on determining the energy budget of the exoplanet. We require HST STIS observations to not only detect the albedo, but also to measure how it varies with wavelength as expected from Rayleigh scattering. The first step towards detailed, comparative exoplanetology needs to be built upon a full comparison of the two best-studied exoplanets. Our proposed observations constitute a key part of the global picture of HD 189733b and will elucidate the importance of clouds and hazes on atmospheric chemistry and dynamics. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Observations Description ------------------------ One secondary transit of HD 189733 will be observed using STIS/G430L. The visit will consist of 4 HST orbits, with orbit 3 roughly centered on the planet transit, and orbits 2 and 4 outside of transit to establish the baseline. The first orbit is assumed not to be useful (instrument settling). Set Wavecal=No for all STIS observations (as in previous similar programs such as GO 11740, 12473) such that the duty cycle and photometric precision is maximized. With STIS G430L the wavelength range of 2900-5700 angstroms is covered. We use a broad 52x2" slit to minimize slit losses and variations. STIS is perfectly 13006( 2) - 12-Jul-2012 20:28:38 - [ 2] conserving past saturation with use of GAIN=4, see e.g. Bohlin and Gilliland 2004, AJ, 127, 3508 describing observations of the 0th mag star Vega. We adopt an exposure time of 66 seconds, with a sub-array size of 128 -- sufficiently large to enable tracking sky variations. This will lead to roughly 2x oversaturation. Photon-limited precisions of 0.00017 per resolution element, per HST orbit are expected. Real Time Justification ----------------------- Calibration Justification ------------------------- Additional Comments ------------------- Set Wavecal=No (Availability=Available) for all STIS observations such that the duty cycle and photometric precision is maximized, as done in previous similar programs such as GO 11740, 12473 . ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 13006( 2) - 12-Jul-2012 20:28:38 - [ 3] TARGET LIST Fixed Targets ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Tar| Target | Target | Target |Coord | Radial | Flux data No | Name | Description | Position |Eqnx | Vel. | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 1 HD-189733 STAR, EXTRA-SOLAR RA=20H00M43.7000S +/- 0.1", J2000 V = 7.67 PLANET, K III-I DEC=+22D42'39.07" +/- 0.1" Reference Frame: ICRS Comments: This object was generated by the targetselector and retrieved from the SIMBAD database. Epoch of Position RA proper motion (seconds of time/yr) DEC Proper Motion (arcsec/yr) Annual Parallax (arcsec) 2000 -1.5465808502300603E-4 -0.2514 0.0 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 13006( 2) - 12-Jul-2012 20:28:38 - [ 4] Visit: 01 Visit Requirements: Period 2.21857578 D AND ZERO-PHASE HJD2454399.23990 On Hold Comments: Additional Comments: It is essential that the four orbits be scheduled in a continuous block. Exposures ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Exp | Target | Instr | Oper. | Aper |Spectral|Central| Optional |Num| Time | Special Num | Name | Config | Mode | or FOV |Element |Waveln.| Parameters |Exp| | Requirements ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 1 HD-189733 STIS/CCD ACQ F28X50OII MIRROR 1 5.0 S PHASE 0.426 TO 0.4359121 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 2 HD-189733 STIS/CCD ACCUM 52X2 G430L 4300 SIZEAXIS2=128, CR-SPLIT=NO, 29 64 S GAIN=4, WAVECAL=NO ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 3 HD-189733 STIS/CCD ACCUM 52X2 G430L 4300 CR-SPLIT=NO, GAIN=4, 1 1 S SIZEAXIS2=128, WAVECAL=NO Comments: Short exposure to minimize instrument systematic of first exposure in each orbit. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 4 HD-189733 STIS/CCD ACCUM 52X2 G430L 4300 SIZEAXIS2=128, CR-SPLIT=NO, 35 64 S GAIN=4, WAVECAL=NO ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 5 HD-189733 STIS/CCD ACCUM 52X2 G430L 4300 CR-SPLIT=NO, GAIN=4, 1 1 S SIZEAXIS2=128, WAVECAL=NO Comments: Short exposure to minimize instrument systematic of first exposure in each orbit. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 6 HD-189733 STIS/CCD ACCUM 52X2 G430L 4300 SIZEAXIS2=128, CR-SPLIT=NO, 35 64 S GAIN=4, WAVECAL=NO ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 7 HD-189733 STIS/CCD ACCUM 52X2 G430L 4300 CR-SPLIT=NO, GAIN=4, 1 1 S SIZEAXIS2=128, WAVECAL=NO Comments: Short exposure to minimize instrument systematic of first exposure in each orbit. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 8 HD-189733 STIS/CCD ACCUM 52X2 G430L 4300 SIZEAXIS2=128, CR-SPLIT=NO, 35 64 S GAIN=4, WAVECAL=NO ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 9 WAVE STIS/CCD ACCUM 52X0.2 G430L 4300 1 DEF Comments: Explicit WAVECAL, auto-waves disabled ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Sub Exposures ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Target | Exp |Instr | Oper. | Aper |Spectral|Cent.|Primary |Secondary |Iteration |CR-SPLIT |Orbit |Duration Name | Num |Config | Mode | or FOV |Element |Wave.|Pattern Pos |Pattern Pos |Num |Num |Number | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ HD-189733 1 STIS/CCD ACQ F28X50OI MIRROR none none none none 1 N/A I HD-189733 2 STIS/CCD ACCUM 52X2 G430L 4300 none none 1 none 1 N/A HD-189733 2 STIS/CCD ACCUM 52X2 G430L 4300 none none 2 none 1 N/A 13006( 2) - 12-Jul-2012 20:28:38 - [ 5] Sub Exposures ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Target | Exp |Instr | Oper. | Aper |Spectral|Cent.|Primary |Secondary |Iteration |CR-SPLIT |Orbit |Duration Name | Num |Config | Mode | or FOV |Element |Wave.|Pattern Pos |Pattern Pos |Num |Num |Number | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ HD-189733 2 STIS/CCD ACCUM 52X2 G430L 4300 none none 3 none 1 N/A HD-189733 2 STIS/CCD ACCUM 52X2 G430L 4300 none none 4 none 1 N/A HD-189733 2 STIS/CCD ACCUM 52X2 G430L 4300 none none 5 none 1 N/A HD-189733 2 STIS/CCD ACCUM 52X2 G430L 4300 none none 6 none 1 N/A HD-189733 2 STIS/CCD ACCUM 52X2 G430L 4300 none none 7 none 1 N/A HD-189733 2 STIS/CCD ACCUM 52X2 G430L 4300 none none 8 none 1 N/A HD-189733 2 STIS/CCD ACCUM 52X2 G430L 4300 none none 9 none 1 N/A HD-189733 2 STIS/CCD ACCUM 52X2 G430L 4300 none none 10 none 1 N/A HD-189733 2 STIS/CCD ACCUM 52X2 G430L 4300 none none 11 none 1 N/A HD-189733 2 STIS/CCD ACCUM 52X2 G430L 4300 none none 12 none 1 N/A HD-189733 2 STIS/CCD ACCUM 52X2 G430L 4300 none none 13 none 1 N/A HD-189733 2 STIS/CCD ACCUM 52X2 G430L 4300 none none 14 none 1 N/A HD-189733 2 STIS/CCD ACCUM 52X2 G430L 4300 none none 15 none 1 N/A HD-189733 2 STIS/CCD ACCUM 52X2 G430L 4300 none none 16 none 1 N/A HD-189733 2 STIS/CCD ACCUM 52X2 G430L 4300 none none 17 none 1 N/A HD-189733 2 STIS/CCD ACCUM 52X2 G430L 4300 none none 18 none 1 N/A HD-189733 2 STIS/CCD ACCUM 52X2 G430L 4300 none none 19 none 1 N/A HD-189733 2 STIS/CCD ACCUM 52X2 G430L 4300 none none 20 none 1 N/A HD-189733 2 STIS/CCD ACCUM 52X2 G430L 4300 none none 21 none 1 N/A HD-189733 2 STIS/CCD ACCUM 52X2 G430L 4300 none none 22 none 1 N/A HD-189733 2 STIS/CCD ACCUM 52X2 G430L 4300 none none 23 none 1 N/A HD-189733 2 STIS/CCD ACCUM 52X2 G430L 4300 none none 24 none 1 N/A HD-189733 2 STIS/CCD ACCUM 52X2 G430L 4300 none none 25 none 1 N/A HD-189733 2 STIS/CCD ACCUM 52X2 G430L 4300 none none 26 none 1 N/A HD-189733 2 STIS/CCD ACCUM 52X2 G430L 4300 none none 27 none 1 N/A HD-189733 2 STIS/CCD ACCUM 52X2 G430L 4300 none none 28 none 1 N/A HD-189733 2 STIS/CCD ACCUM 52X2 G430L 4300 none none 29 none 1 N/A HD-189733 3 STIS/CCD ACCUM 52X2 G430L 4300 none none none none 2 N/A HD-189733 4 STIS/CCD ACCUM 52X2 G430L 4300 none none 1 none 2 N/A HD-189733 4 STIS/CCD ACCUM 52X2 G430L 4300 none none 2 none 2 N/A HD-189733 4 STIS/CCD ACCUM 52X2 G430L 4300 none none 3 none 2 N/A HD-189733 4 STIS/CCD ACCUM 52X2 G430L 4300 none none 4 none 2 N/A HD-189733 4 STIS/CCD ACCUM 52X2 G430L 4300 none none 5 none 2 N/A HD-189733 4 STIS/CCD ACCUM 52X2 G430L 4300 none none 6 none 2 N/A HD-189733 4 STIS/CCD ACCUM 52X2 G430L 4300 none none 7 none 2 N/A HD-189733 4 STIS/CCD ACCUM 52X2 G430L 4300 none none 8 none 2 N/A HD-189733 4 STIS/CCD ACCUM 52X2 G430L 4300 none none 9 none 2 N/A HD-189733 4 STIS/CCD ACCUM 52X2 G430L 4300 none none 10 none 2 N/A HD-189733 4 STIS/CCD ACCUM 52X2 G430L 4300 none none 11 none 2 N/A HD-189733 4 STIS/CCD ACCUM 52X2 G430L 4300 none none 12 none 2 N/A HD-189733 4 STIS/CCD ACCUM 52X2 G430L 4300 none none 13 none 2 N/A HD-189733 4 STIS/CCD ACCUM 52X2 G430L 4300 none none 14 none 2 N/A HD-189733 4 STIS/CCD ACCUM 52X2 G430L 4300 none none 15 none 2 N/A HD-189733 4 STIS/CCD ACCUM 52X2 G430L 4300 none none 16 none 2 N/A HD-189733 4 STIS/CCD ACCUM 52X2 G430L 4300 none none 17 none 2 N/A HD-189733 4 STIS/CCD ACCUM 52X2 G430L 4300 none none 18 none 2 N/A HD-189733 4 STIS/CCD ACCUM 52X2 G430L 4300 none none 19 none 2 N/A HD-189733 4 STIS/CCD ACCUM 52X2 G430L 4300 none none 20 none 2 N/A 13006( 2) - 12-Jul-2012 20:28:38 - [ 6] Sub Exposures ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Target | Exp |Instr | Oper. | Aper |Spectral|Cent.|Primary |Secondary |Iteration |CR-SPLIT |Orbit |Duration Name | Num |Config | Mode | or FOV |Element |Wave.|Pattern Pos |Pattern Pos |Num |Num |Number | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ HD-189733 4 STIS/CCD ACCUM 52X2 G430L 4300 none none 21 none 2 N/A HD-189733 4 STIS/CCD ACCUM 52X2 G430L 4300 none none 22 none 2 N/A HD-189733 4 STIS/CCD ACCUM 52X2 G430L 4300 none none 23 none 2 N/A HD-189733 4 STIS/CCD ACCUM 52X2 G430L 4300 none none 24 none 2 N/A HD-189733 4 STIS/CCD ACCUM 52X2 G430L 4300 none none 25 none 2 N/A HD-189733 4 STIS/CCD ACCUM 52X2 G430L 4300 none none 26 none 2 N/A HD-189733 4 STIS/CCD ACCUM 52X2 G430L 4300 none none 27 none 2 N/A HD-189733 4 STIS/CCD ACCUM 52X2 G430L 4300 none none 28 none 2 N/A HD-189733 4 STIS/CCD ACCUM 52X2 G430L 4300 none none 29 none 2 N/A HD-189733 4 STIS/CCD ACCUM 52X2 G430L 4300 none none 30 none 2 N/A HD-189733 4 STIS/CCD ACCUM 52X2 G430L 4300 none none 31 none 2 N/A HD-189733 4 STIS/CCD ACCUM 52X2 G430L 4300 none none 32 none 2 N/A HD-189733 4 STIS/CCD ACCUM 52X2 G430L 4300 none none 33 none 2 N/A HD-189733 4 STIS/CCD ACCUM 52X2 G430L 4300 none none 34 none 2 N/A HD-189733 4 STIS/CCD ACCUM 52X2 G430L 4300 none none 35 none 2 N/A HD-189733 5 STIS/CCD ACCUM 52X2 G430L 4300 none none none none 3 N/A HD-189733 6 STIS/CCD ACCUM 52X2 G430L 4300 none none 1 none 3 N/A HD-189733 6 STIS/CCD ACCUM 52X2 G430L 4300 none none 2 none 3 N/A HD-189733 6 STIS/CCD ACCUM 52X2 G430L 4300 none none 3 none 3 N/A HD-189733 6 STIS/CCD ACCUM 52X2 G430L 4300 none none 4 none 3 N/A HD-189733 6 STIS/CCD ACCUM 52X2 G430L 4300 none none 5 none 3 N/A HD-189733 6 STIS/CCD ACCUM 52X2 G430L 4300 none none 6 none 3 N/A HD-189733 6 STIS/CCD ACCUM 52X2 G430L 4300 none none 7 none 3 N/A HD-189733 6 STIS/CCD ACCUM 52X2 G430L 4300 none none 8 none 3 N/A HD-189733 6 STIS/CCD ACCUM 52X2 G430L 4300 none none 9 none 3 N/A HD-189733 6 STIS/CCD ACCUM 52X2 G430L 4300 none none 10 none 3 N/A HD-189733 6 STIS/CCD ACCUM 52X2 G430L 4300 none none 11 none 3 N/A HD-189733 6 STIS/CCD ACCUM 52X2 G430L 4300 none none 12 none 3 N/A HD-189733 6 STIS/CCD ACCUM 52X2 G430L 4300 none none 13 none 3 N/A HD-189733 6 STIS/CCD ACCUM 52X2 G430L 4300 none none 14 none 3 N/A HD-189733 6 STIS/CCD ACCUM 52X2 G430L 4300 none none 15 none 3 N/A HD-189733 6 STIS/CCD ACCUM 52X2 G430L 4300 none none 16 none 3 N/A HD-189733 6 STIS/CCD ACCUM 52X2 G430L 4300 none none 17 none 3 N/A HD-189733 6 STIS/CCD ACCUM 52X2 G430L 4300 none none 18 none 3 N/A HD-189733 6 STIS/CCD ACCUM 52X2 G430L 4300 none none 19 none 3 N/A HD-189733 6 STIS/CCD ACCUM 52X2 G430L 4300 none none 20 none 3 N/A HD-189733 6 STIS/CCD ACCUM 52X2 G430L 4300 none none 21 none 3 N/A HD-189733 6 STIS/CCD ACCUM 52X2 G430L 4300 none none 22 none 3 N/A HD-189733 6 STIS/CCD ACCUM 52X2 G430L 4300 none none 23 none 3 N/A HD-189733 6 STIS/CCD ACCUM 52X2 G430L 4300 none none 24 none 3 N/A HD-189733 6 STIS/CCD ACCUM 52X2 G430L 4300 none none 25 none 3 N/A HD-189733 6 STIS/CCD ACCUM 52X2 G430L 4300 none none 26 none 3 N/A HD-189733 6 STIS/CCD ACCUM 52X2 G430L 4300 none none 27 none 3 N/A HD-189733 6 STIS/CCD ACCUM 52X2 G430L 4300 none none 28 none 3 N/A HD-189733 6 STIS/CCD ACCUM 52X2 G430L 4300 none none 29 none 3 N/A HD-189733 6 STIS/CCD ACCUM 52X2 G430L 4300 none none 30 none 3 N/A HD-189733 6 STIS/CCD ACCUM 52X2 G430L 4300 none none 31 none 3 N/A HD-189733 6 STIS/CCD ACCUM 52X2 G430L 4300 none none 32 none 3 N/A 13006( 2) - 12-Jul-2012 20:28:38 - [ 7] Sub Exposures ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Target | Exp |Instr | Oper. | Aper |Spectral|Cent.|Primary |Secondary |Iteration |CR-SPLIT |Orbit |Duration Name | Num |Config | Mode | or FOV |Element |Wave.|Pattern Pos |Pattern Pos |Num |Num |Number | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ HD-189733 6 STIS/CCD ACCUM 52X2 G430L 4300 none none 33 none 3 N/A HD-189733 6 STIS/CCD ACCUM 52X2 G430L 4300 none none 34 none 3 N/A HD-189733 6 STIS/CCD ACCUM 52X2 G430L 4300 none none 35 none 3 N/A HD-189733 7 STIS/CCD ACCUM 52X2 G430L 4300 none none none none 4 N/A HD-189733 8 STIS/CCD ACCUM 52X2 G430L 4300 none none 1 none 4 N/A HD-189733 8 STIS/CCD ACCUM 52X2 G430L 4300 none none 2 none 4 N/A HD-189733 8 STIS/CCD ACCUM 52X2 G430L 4300 none none 3 none 4 N/A HD-189733 8 STIS/CCD ACCUM 52X2 G430L 4300 none none 4 none 4 N/A HD-189733 8 STIS/CCD ACCUM 52X2 G430L 4300 none none 5 none 4 N/A HD-189733 8 STIS/CCD ACCUM 52X2 G430L 4300 none none 6 none 4 N/A HD-189733 8 STIS/CCD ACCUM 52X2 G430L 4300 none none 7 none 4 N/A HD-189733 8 STIS/CCD ACCUM 52X2 G430L 4300 none none 8 none 4 N/A HD-189733 8 STIS/CCD ACCUM 52X2 G430L 4300 none none 9 none 4 N/A HD-189733 8 STIS/CCD ACCUM 52X2 G430L 4300 none none 10 none 4 N/A HD-189733 8 STIS/CCD ACCUM 52X2 G430L 4300 none none 11 none 4 N/A HD-189733 8 STIS/CCD ACCUM 52X2 G430L 4300 none none 12 none 4 N/A HD-189733 8 STIS/CCD ACCUM 52X2 G430L 4300 none none 13 none 4 N/A HD-189733 8 STIS/CCD ACCUM 52X2 G430L 4300 none none 14 none 4 N/A HD-189733 8 STIS/CCD ACCUM 52X2 G430L 4300 none none 15 none 4 N/A HD-189733 8 STIS/CCD ACCUM 52X2 G430L 4300 none none 16 none 4 N/A HD-189733 8 STIS/CCD ACCUM 52X2 G430L 4300 none none 17 none 4 N/A HD-189733 8 STIS/CCD ACCUM 52X2 G430L 4300 none none 18 none 4 N/A HD-189733 8 STIS/CCD ACCUM 52X2 G430L 4300 none none 19 none 4 N/A HD-189733 8 STIS/CCD ACCUM 52X2 G430L 4300 none none 20 none 4 N/A HD-189733 8 STIS/CCD ACCUM 52X2 G430L 4300 none none 21 none 4 N/A HD-189733 8 STIS/CCD ACCUM 52X2 G430L 4300 none none 22 none 4 N/A HD-189733 8 STIS/CCD ACCUM 52X2 G430L 4300 none none 23 none 4 N/A HD-189733 8 STIS/CCD ACCUM 52X2 G430L 4300 none none 24 none 4 N/A HD-189733 8 STIS/CCD ACCUM 52X2 G430L 4300 none none 25 none 4 N/A HD-189733 8 STIS/CCD ACCUM 52X2 G430L 4300 none none 26 none 4 N/A HD-189733 8 STIS/CCD ACCUM 52X2 G430L 4300 none none 27 none 4 N/A HD-189733 8 STIS/CCD ACCUM 52X2 G430L 4300 none none 28 none 4 N/A HD-189733 8 STIS/CCD ACCUM 52X2 G430L 4300 none none 29 none 4 N/A HD-189733 8 STIS/CCD ACCUM 52X2 G430L 4300 none none 30 none 4 N/A HD-189733 8 STIS/CCD ACCUM 52X2 G430L 4300 none none 31 none 4 N/A HD-189733 8 STIS/CCD ACCUM 52X2 G430L 4300 none none 32 none 4 N/A HD-189733 8 STIS/CCD ACCUM 52X2 G430L 4300 none none 33 none 4 N/A HD-189733 8 STIS/CCD ACCUM 52X2 G430L 4300 none none 34 none 4 N/A HD-189733 8 STIS/CCD ACCUM 52X2 G430L 4300 none none 35 none 4 N/A WAVE 9 STIS/CCD ACCUM 52X0.2 G430L 4300 none none none none 4 N/A 13006( 2) - 12-Jul-2012 20:28:38 - [ 8] Summary Form for Proposal 13006 Item Used in this proposal ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Apertures 52X0.2, 52X2, F28X50OII ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Configurations STIS/CCD ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Opmodes ACCUM, ACQ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Optional Parameters CR-SPLIT=NO, GAIN=4, SIZEAXIS2=128, WAVECAL=NO ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Special Requirements PHASE 0.426 TO 0.4359121, Period 2.21857578 D AND ZERO-PHASE HJD2454399.23990 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Spectral Elements G430L, MIRROR ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Target Names HD-189733, WAVE ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------