13764( 4) - 25-Nov-2014 16:47:52 - [ 1] HUBBLE SPACE TELESCOPE OBSERVING PROGRAM 13764 Version: 4 Check-in Time: 25-Nov-2014 16:47:52 STScI Edit Number: 0 Title The Physics of the Jets of Powerful Radio Galaxies and Quasars ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Type Cycle GO 22 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Investigators Contact? PI: Prof. Eric S. Perlman Florida Institute of Technology Y CoI: Dr. Markos Georganopoulos University of Maryland Baltimore County N CoI: Dr. William B. Sparks Space Telescope Science Institute N CoI: Dr. John A. Biretta Space Telescope Science Institute N CoI: Dr. Christopher P. O'Dea Rochester Institute of Technology N CoI: Dr. Stefi A. Baum Rochester Institute of Technology N CoI: Dr. Chi C. Cheung Naval Research Laboratory N CoI: Dr. Mark Birkinshaw University of Bristol N CoI: Dr. Diana M. Worrall University of Bristol N CoI: Dr. Andre Martel Space Telescope Science Institute N CoI: Prof. Claudia Megan Urry Yale University N CoI: Dr. Lukasz Stawarz ISAS, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency N CoI: Prof. Paolo Coppi Yale University N CoI: Dr. Yasunobu Uchiyama Rikkyo University N CoI: Dr. Mihai Cara Space Telescope Science Institute N CoI: Dr. Klaus Meisenheimer Max-Planck-Institut fur Astronomie, N Heidelberg CoI: Prof. Mitchell C. Begelman University of Colorado at Boulder N ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Abstract We propose HST polarimetry of the jet of 3C 273. Polarization is a critical parameter for understanding jet flows, and only HST has the resolution and capability to perform this measurement. The data will confirm which mechanisms are operating to create its optical and X-ray emission, and will show locations where the magnetic fields are being structured by shocks and shears. This will greatly advance modeling efforts for this jet and nail down its kinetic power, a key unknown parameter for understanding quasars and their cosmological effects. Comparison with in-hand radio and ground-based near-IR (AO) optical polarimetry at matched resolution will measure the flow speed in the plasma as a function of particle energy, in the same way as in our analysis of our earlier HST polarimetry data on low-power jets. This proposal builds on our observations of two other quasar jets, where we measured high polarization in the X-ray brightest knots, and so showed that their optical and X-ray emission is most likely due to the synchrotron model, since the alternative, IC/CMB model fails to match those objects' steep radio spectra and modest variability, and requires exceptionally fast flows (Gamma>30) at hundreds of kpc and super-Eddington kinetic power. The proposed observations will provide much stronger constraints because this iconic jet, because of its brightness, exceptional angular separation from the core and low redshift (z=0.158). Our modelling techniques will also provide much information on the jet's internal structure, including shocks and the sites of particle acceleration. 13764( 4) - 25-Nov-2014 16:47:52 - [ 2] ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Observations Description ------------------------ The goal of this proposal is to obtain HST polarimetry of the 3C 273 jet using the ACS/WFC + POLVIS + F606W filters. We are using F606W because it gives the optimal mix between rejection of cross-polarized light and high throughput of parallel polarized light with the POLVIS filters. In addition, the F606W band was shown by Jester et al. (2005, 2006, 2007) to lie on the same spectral component as the Chandra X-ray emission, so these observations will allow us to perform critical tests of the X-ray emission mechanism of the jet. The observations have been constructed in a very simple way. All long integrations with the same POL filter are in a single visit. Thus POL0 observations are in Visit 01, POL60 observations are in Visit 02, and POL120 observations are in Visit 03. All of these orbits use standard dither patterns - orbit 1 is a 2-point ACS-WFC-DITHER-LINE and orbits 2 & 3 are a 4 point ACS-WFC-DITHER-BOX. This allows maximum efficiency by placing readouts during Earth-shadow times and maximizes exposure time. We are also doing several short observations, for calibration purposes. All of these are in orbit 4 of Visit 01. The 60-s observations with the polarizers will allow us to calibrate the PSF so that the quasar, which will be saturated in the long-exposure images, can be modeled correctly and subtracted out of the long-exposure images along with the galaxy to reveal the inner jet components, which previous HST polarimetry was not deep enough to reveal. The 20-s observation without the polarizers will allow a check on the flux and polarization calibration, a strategy which we have used for our previous ACS polarization programs 9847 and 11138. Note that we cannot use previous observations of 3C 273 for this purpose because the quasar is variable. All of the calibration observations use a 2-position dither, also in a standard ACS-WFC-DITHER-LINE configuration. We have specified four fairly wide, 40 degree orientation windows so that the jet can be placed near to or along a chip diagonal. We have required SAME-ORIENT so that the chip is then oriented identically and the jet is in the same chip quadrant in all three visits, thus minimizing calibration issues. This was recommended by Andre' Martel, a member of the team and also a previous member of the ACS instrument team. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 13764( 4) - 25-Nov-2014 16:47:52 - [ 3] TARGET LIST Fixed Targets ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Tar| Target | Target | Target |Coord | Radial | Flux data No | Name | Description | Position |Eqnx | Vel. | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 1 3C-273 GALAXY, ACCRETION DISK, RA=12H29M6.6997S +/- 0.1", J2000 V = 12.86 JET, NUCLEUS, QSO, DEC=+02D03'8.60" +/- 0.1" QUASAR Reference Frame: ICRS Comments: This object was generated by the targetselector and retrieved from the SIMBAD database. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 13764( 4) - 25-Nov-2014 16:47:52 - [ 4] Patterns ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Pattern_Number: 1 Primary_Pattern Secondary_Pattern Pattern_Type ACS-WFC-DITHER-BOX Pattern_Purpose DITHER Number_Of_Points 4 Point_Spacing 0.265 Line_Spacing 0.187 Coordinate_Frame POS-TARG Pattern_Orient 20.67 Angle_Between_Sides 69.05 Center_Pattern NO ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Pattern_Number: 2 Primary_Pattern Secondary_Pattern Pattern_Type ACS-WFC-DITHER-LINE Pattern_Purpose DITHER Number_Of_Points 2 Point_Spacing 3.011 Line_Spacing Coordinate_Frame POS-TARG Pattern_Orient 85.28 Angle_Between_Sides Center_Pattern NO ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 13764( 4) - 25-Nov-2014 16:47:52 - [ 5] Visit: 01 Visit Requirements: ORIENT 37.2D TO 77.2 D; ORIENT 127.2D TO 167.2 D; ORIENT 217.2D TO 257.2 D; ORIENT 307.2D TO 347.2 D On Hold Comments: Additional Comments: Exposures ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Exp | Target | Instr | Oper. | Aper |Spectral|Central| Optional |Num| Time | Special Num | Name | Config | Mode | or FOV |Element |Waveln.| Parameters |Exp| (Total) | Requirements ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 1 3C-273 ACS/WFC ACCUM WFC1 F606W, 1 1186 S PATTERN 2 1 POL0V (2372 S) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 2 3C-273 ACS/WFC ACCUM WFC1 F606W, 1 1280 S POS TARG 1.0, 1.0; POL0V (5120 S) PATTERN 1 2 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 3 3C-273 ACS/WFC ACCUM WFC1 F606W, 1 60 S (120 PATTERN 2 3-5 POL0V S) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 4 3C-273 ACS/WFC ACCUM WFC1 F606W, 1 60 S (120 POL60V S) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 5 3C-273 ACS/WFC ACCUM WFC1 F606W, 1 60 S (120 POL120V S) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 6 3C-273 ACS/WFC ACCUM WFC1 F606W 1 20 S (40 PATTERN 2 6 S) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Sub Exposures ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Target | Exp |Instr | Oper. | Aper |Spectral|Cent.|Primary |Secondary |Iteration |CR-SPLIT |Orbit |Duration Name | Num |Config | Mode | or FOV |Element |Wave.|Pattern Pos |Pattern Pos |Num |Num |Number | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 3C-273 1 ACS/WFC ACCUM WFC1 F606W, 1 none none none 1 N/A POL0V 3C-273 1 ACS/WFC ACCUM WFC1 F606W, 2 none none none 1 N/A POL0V 3C-273 2 ACS/WFC ACCUM WFC1 F606W, 1 none none none 2 N/A POL0V 3C-273 2 ACS/WFC ACCUM WFC1 F606W, 2 none none none 2 N/A POL0V 3C-273 2 ACS/WFC ACCUM WFC1 F606W, 3 none none none 3 N/A POL0V 3C-273 2 ACS/WFC ACCUM WFC1 F606W, 4 none none none 3 N/A POL0V 3C-273 3 ACS/WFC ACCUM WFC1 F606W, 1 none none none 4 N/A POL0V 3C-273 3 ACS/WFC ACCUM WFC1 F606W, 2 none none none 4 N/A POL0V 13764( 4) - 25-Nov-2014 16:47:52 - [ 6] Sub Exposures ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Target | Exp |Instr | Oper. | Aper |Spectral|Cent.|Primary |Secondary |Iteration |CR-SPLIT |Orbit |Duration Name | Num |Config | Mode | or FOV |Element |Wave.|Pattern Pos |Pattern Pos |Num |Num |Number | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 3C-273 4 ACS/WFC ACCUM WFC1 F606W, 1 none none none 4 N/A POL60V 3C-273 4 ACS/WFC ACCUM WFC1 F606W, 2 none none none 4 N/A POL60V 3C-273 5 ACS/WFC ACCUM WFC1 F606W, 1 none none none 4 N/A POL120V 3C-273 5 ACS/WFC ACCUM WFC1 F606W, 2 none none none 4 N/A POL120V 3C-273 6 ACS/WFC ACCUM WFC1 F606W 1 none none none 4 N/A 3C-273 6 ACS/WFC ACCUM WFC1 F606W 2 none none none 4 N/A 13764( 4) - 25-Nov-2014 16:47:52 - [ 7] Visit: 02 Visit Requirements: SAME ORIENT AS 01; AFTER 01 BY 0 D TO 14 D On Hold Comments: Additional Comments: Exposures ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Exp | Target | Instr | Oper. | Aper |Spectral|Central| Optional |Num| Time | Special Num | Name | Config | Mode | or FOV |Element |Waveln.| Parameters |Exp| (Total) | Requirements ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 1 3C-273 ACS/WFC ACCUM WFC1 F606W, 1 1186 S PATTERN 2 1 POL60V (2372 S) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 2 3C-273 ACS/WFC ACCUM WFC1 F606W, 1 1280 S POS TARG 1.0, 1.0; POL60V (5120 S) PATTERN 1 2 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Sub Exposures ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Target | Exp |Instr | Oper. | Aper |Spectral|Cent.|Primary |Secondary |Iteration |CR-SPLIT |Orbit |Duration Name | Num |Config | Mode | or FOV |Element |Wave.|Pattern Pos |Pattern Pos |Num |Num |Number | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 3C-273 1 ACS/WFC ACCUM WFC1 F606W, 1 none none none 1 N/A POL60V 3C-273 1 ACS/WFC ACCUM WFC1 F606W, 2 none none none 1 N/A POL60V 3C-273 2 ACS/WFC ACCUM WFC1 F606W, 1 none none none 2 N/A POL60V 3C-273 2 ACS/WFC ACCUM WFC1 F606W, 2 none none none 2 N/A POL60V 3C-273 2 ACS/WFC ACCUM WFC1 F606W, 3 none none none 3 N/A POL60V 3C-273 2 ACS/WFC ACCUM WFC1 F606W, 4 none none none 3 N/A POL60V 13764( 4) - 25-Nov-2014 16:47:52 - [ 8] Visit: 03 Visit Requirements: SAME ORIENT AS 01; AFTER 01 BY 0 D TO 14 D On Hold Comments: Additional Comments: Exposures ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Exp | Target | Instr | Oper. | Aper |Spectral|Central| Optional |Num| Time | Special Num | Name | Config | Mode | or FOV |Element |Waveln.| Parameters |Exp| (Total) | Requirements ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 1 3C-273 ACS/WFC ACCUM WFC1 F606W, 1 1186 S PATTERN 2 1 POL120V (2372 S) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 2 3C-273 ACS/WFC ACCUM WFC1 F606W, 1 1280 S POS TARG 1.0, 1.0; POL120V (5120 S) PATTERN 1 2 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Sub Exposures ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Target | Exp |Instr | Oper. | Aper |Spectral|Cent.|Primary |Secondary |Iteration |CR-SPLIT |Orbit |Duration Name | Num |Config | Mode | or FOV |Element |Wave.|Pattern Pos |Pattern Pos |Num |Num |Number | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 3C-273 1 ACS/WFC ACCUM WFC1 F606W, 1 none none none 1 N/A POL120V 3C-273 1 ACS/WFC ACCUM WFC1 F606W, 2 none none none 1 N/A POL120V 3C-273 2 ACS/WFC ACCUM WFC1 F606W, 1 none none none 2 N/A POL120V 3C-273 2 ACS/WFC ACCUM WFC1 F606W, 2 none none none 2 N/A POL120V 3C-273 2 ACS/WFC ACCUM WFC1 F606W, 3 none none none 3 N/A POL120V 3C-273 2 ACS/WFC ACCUM WFC1 F606W, 4 none none none 3 N/A POL120V 13764( 4) - 25-Nov-2014 16:47:52 - [ 9] Summary Form for Proposal 13764 Item Used in this proposal ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Apertures WFC1 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Configurations ACS/WFC ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Opmodes ACCUM ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Optional Parameters ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Special Requirements AFTER 01 BY 0 D TO 14 D, ORIENT 127.2D TO 167.2 D, ORIENT 217.2D TO 257.2 D, ORIENT 307.2D TO 347.2 D, ORIENT 37.2D TO 77.2 D, PATTERN 1 2, PATTERN 2 1, PATTERN 2 3-5, PATTERN 2 6, POS TARG 1.0, 1.0, SAME ORIENT AS 01 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Spectral Elements F606W, POL0V, POL120V, POL60V ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Target Names 3C-273 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------