14721( 3) - 19-Jul-2016 15:23:13 - [ 1] HUBBLE SPACE TELESCOPE OBSERVING PROGRAM 14721 Version: 3 Check-in Time: 19-Jul-2016 15:23:13 STScI Edit Number: 1 Title The Fundamental Plane of Ultra-Massive Galaxies at z~2 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Type Cycle GO 24 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Investigators Contact? PI: Dr. Christopher J. Conselice University of Nottingham Y CoI: Dr. Sune Toft University of Copenhagen, Niels Bohr N Institute CoI: Mr. Mikkel Stockmann University of Copenhagen, Niels Bohr N Institute CoI: Mr. Kenneth James Duncan University of Nottingham N CoI: Dr. Anna Gallazzi Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri N CoI: Dr. Inger Jorgensen Gemini Observatory, Northern Operations N CoI: Dr. Allison Wing Shan Man European Southern Observatory - Germany N CoI: Mr. Carl Mundy University of Nottingham N CoI: Dr. Andreas Faisst California Institute of Technology N CoI: Dr. Johannes Florian Zabl University of Copenhagen, Niels Bohr N Institute ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Abstract The fundamental plane (FP), relating the effective radius, velocity dispersion, and surface brightness is a unique tool for studying the structural, stellar, and dark matter evolution of early-type galaxies, and can reveal how these galaxies have formed and evolved. Thus far, studies have been mostly limited to z<1.3, beyond which the absorption lines used to derive velocity dispersions are redshifted out of the optical. With the advent of sensitive NIR spectrographs on 8m telescopes, it is now possible for the first time to study the FP directly at the epoch (z~2), where lower redshift studies predict it to have formed. Through a large investment of time with the 8m - VLT NIR spectrograph X-SHOOTER, we have derived velocity dispersions for a unique sample of 11 quiescent galaxies at z=2, tripling the number of galaxies with such measurements. We propose to obtain WFC3/IR imaging of these galaxies, which when combined with our ground-based spectroscopy, will allow us to measure accurately the fundamental plane at z~2 for the first time through accurate sizes derived from surface brightness profile fits to the data. This measurement of the FP will further reveal the time-scales and methods of formation for the most massive early type galaxies. The HST observations will also allow us to measure the structures of these galaxies, to search for any extended envelopes or asymmetries, and to examine the properties of their satellite galaxies. Three of our systems also show hints of having close companions through our spectroscopy and WFC3/IR imaging is required to investigate this further. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Observations Description ------------------------ This is an 11 orbit WFC3 IR program to obtain 1 orbit imaging of massive galaxies at z~2. The observations are straightforward. They involve pointing to each of the 11 targets and then executing the WFC3 obesrvations for one orbit 14721( 3) - 19-Jul-2016 15:23:13 - [ 2] per pointing. The imaing filter is F160W. We use dithering patterns to obtain an optimal image quality. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 14721( 3) - 19-Jul-2016 15:23:13 - [ 3] TARGET LIST Fixed Targets ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Tar| Target | Target | Target |Coord | Radial | Flux data No | Name | Description | Position |Eqnx | Vel. | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 1 UV-105842 GALAXY, HIGH REDSHIFT RA=10H01M1.7690S, J2000 K = 20.2, log M =11.4 GALAXY DEC=+02D01'13.30" Reference Frame: ICRS ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 2 UV-108899 GALAXY, HIGH REDSHIFT RA=10H00M42.6500S, J2000 K = 20.4, log M = 11.4 GALAXY DEC=+02D04'21.39" Reference Frame: ICRS ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 3 UV-155853 GALAXY, HIGH REDSHIFT RA=09H58M13.5100S, J2000 K = 20.4, log M = 11.3 GALAXY DEC=+02D10'2.09" Reference Frame: ICRS ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 4 UV-171060 GALAXY, HIGH REDSHIFT RA=09H59M8.2000S, J2000 K = 20.5, log M =11.3 GALAXY DEC=+02D21'7.80" Reference Frame: ICRS ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 5 UV-171687 GALAXY, HIGH REDSHIFT RA=09H59M31.3000S, J2000 K = 20.5, log M = 11.2 GALAXY DEC=+02D20'46.60" Reference Frame: ICRS ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 6 UV-239220 GALAXY, HIGH REDSHIFT RA=09H57M43.8600S, J2000 K = 20.4, log M = 11.4 GALAXY DEC=+02D30'38.31" Reference Frame: ICRS ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 7 UV-230929 GALAXY, HIGH REDSHIFT RA=10H00M50.1600S, J2000 K = 20.4, log M = 11.2 GALAXY DEC=+02D45'42.40" Reference Frame: ICRS ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 8 UV-250513 GALAXY, HIGH REDSHIFT RA=09H59M17.1600S, J2000 K = 20.4, log M =11.3 GALAXY DEC=+02D39'12.43" Reference Frame: ICRS Extended: YES ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 9 UV-773654 GALAXY, HIGH REDSHIFT RA=10H02M58.9800S, J2000 K = 20.4, log M = 11.4 GALAXY DEC=+02D00'37.77" Reference Frame: ICRS ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 10 UV-90676 GALAXY, HIGH REDSHIFT RA=10H01M59.3340S, J2000 K = 20.4, log M =11.6 GALAXY DEC=+02D16'11.24" Reference Frame: ICRS ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 11 UDS-19627 GALAXY, HIGH REDSHIFT RA=02H18M19.0540S, J2000 K = 20.2, log M = 11.3 GALAXY DEC=-05D22'12.67" Reference Frame: ICRS ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 14721( 3) - 19-Jul-2016 15:23:13 - [ 4] Patterns ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Pattern_Number: 1 Primary_Pattern Secondary_Pattern Pattern_Type WFC3-IR-DITHER-BLOB WFC3-IR-DITHER-LINE Pattern_Purpose DITHER DITHER Number_Of_Points 2 2 Point_Spacing 5.183 0.636 Line_Spacing Coordinate_Frame POS-TARG POS-TARG Pattern_Orient 41.859 41.788 Angle_Between_Sides Center_Pattern YES NO ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 14721( 3) - 19-Jul-2016 15:23:13 - [ 5] Visit: 01 Visit Requirements: On Hold Comments: Additional Comments: Exposures ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Exp | Target | Instr | Oper. | Aper |Spectral|Central| Optional |Num| Time | Special Num | Name | Config | Mode | or FOV |Element |Waveln.| Parameters |Exp| (Total) | Requirements ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 1 UV-105842 WFC3/IR MULTIAC IR F160W NSAMP=14, SAMP-SEQ=SPARS50 1 DEF PATTERN 1 1 CUM (2611.753 S) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Sub Exposures ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Target | Exp |Instr | Oper. | Aper |Spectral|Cent.|Primary |Secondary |Iteration |CR-SPLIT |Orbit |Duration Name | Num |Config | Mode | or FOV |Element |Wave.|Pattern Pos |Pattern Pos |Num |Num |Number | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ UV-105842 1 WFC3/IR MULTIAC IR F160W 1 1 none none 1 N/A CUM UV-105842 1 WFC3/IR MULTIAC IR F160W 1 2 none none 1 N/A CUM UV-105842 1 WFC3/IR MULTIAC IR F160W 2 1 none none 1 N/A CUM UV-105842 1 WFC3/IR MULTIAC IR F160W 2 2 none none 1 N/A CUM 14721( 3) - 19-Jul-2016 15:23:13 - [ 6] Visit: 02 Visit Requirements: On Hold Comments: Additional Comments: Exposures ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Exp | Target | Instr | Oper. | Aper |Spectral|Central| Optional |Num| Time | Special Num | Name | Config | Mode | or FOV |Element |Waveln.| Parameters |Exp| (Total) | Requirements ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 1 UV-108899 WFC3/IR MULTIAC IR F160W NSAMP=14, SAMP-SEQ=SPARS50 1 DEF PATTERN 1 1 CUM (2611.753 S) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Sub Exposures ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Target | Exp |Instr | Oper. | Aper |Spectral|Cent.|Primary |Secondary |Iteration |CR-SPLIT |Orbit |Duration Name | Num |Config | Mode | or FOV |Element |Wave.|Pattern Pos |Pattern Pos |Num |Num |Number | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ UV-108899 1 WFC3/IR MULTIAC IR F160W 1 1 none none 1 N/A CUM UV-108899 1 WFC3/IR MULTIAC IR F160W 1 2 none none 1 N/A CUM UV-108899 1 WFC3/IR MULTIAC IR F160W 2 1 none none 1 N/A CUM UV-108899 1 WFC3/IR MULTIAC IR F160W 2 2 none none 1 N/A CUM 14721( 3) - 19-Jul-2016 15:23:13 - [ 7] Visit: 03 Visit Requirements: On Hold Comments: Additional Comments: Exposures ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Exp | Target | Instr | Oper. | Aper |Spectral|Central| Optional |Num| Time | Special Num | Name | Config | Mode | or FOV |Element |Waveln.| Parameters |Exp| (Total) | Requirements ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 1 UV-155853 WFC3/IR MULTIAC IR F160W NSAMP=14, SAMP-SEQ=SPARS50 1 DEF PATTERN 1 1 CUM (2611.753 S) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Sub Exposures ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Target | Exp |Instr | Oper. | Aper |Spectral|Cent.|Primary |Secondary |Iteration |CR-SPLIT |Orbit |Duration Name | Num |Config | Mode | or FOV |Element |Wave.|Pattern Pos |Pattern Pos |Num |Num |Number | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ UV-155853 1 WFC3/IR MULTIAC IR F160W 1 1 none none 1 N/A CUM UV-155853 1 WFC3/IR MULTIAC IR F160W 1 2 none none 1 N/A CUM UV-155853 1 WFC3/IR MULTIAC IR F160W 2 1 none none 1 N/A CUM UV-155853 1 WFC3/IR MULTIAC IR F160W 2 2 none none 1 N/A CUM 14721( 3) - 19-Jul-2016 15:23:13 - [ 8] Visit: 04 Visit Requirements: On Hold Comments: Additional Comments: Exposures ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Exp | Target | Instr | Oper. | Aper |Spectral|Central| Optional |Num| Time | Special Num | Name | Config | Mode | or FOV |Element |Waveln.| Parameters |Exp| (Total) | Requirements ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 1 UV-171060 WFC3/IR MULTIAC IR F160W NSAMP=14, SAMP-SEQ=SPARS50 1 DEF PATTERN 1 1 CUM (2611.753 S) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Sub Exposures ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Target | Exp |Instr | Oper. | Aper |Spectral|Cent.|Primary |Secondary |Iteration |CR-SPLIT |Orbit |Duration Name | Num |Config | Mode | or FOV |Element |Wave.|Pattern Pos |Pattern Pos |Num |Num |Number | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ UV-171060 1 WFC3/IR MULTIAC IR F160W 1 1 none none 1 N/A CUM UV-171060 1 WFC3/IR MULTIAC IR F160W 1 2 none none 1 N/A CUM UV-171060 1 WFC3/IR MULTIAC IR F160W 2 1 none none 1 N/A CUM UV-171060 1 WFC3/IR MULTIAC IR F160W 2 2 none none 1 N/A CUM 14721( 3) - 19-Jul-2016 15:23:13 - [ 9] Visit: 05 Visit Requirements: On Hold Comments: Additional Comments: Exposures ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Exp | Target | Instr | Oper. | Aper |Spectral|Central| Optional |Num| Time | Special Num | Name | Config | Mode | or FOV |Element |Waveln.| Parameters |Exp| (Total) | Requirements ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 1 UV-171687 WFC3/IR MULTIAC IR F160W NSAMP=14, SAMP-SEQ=SPARS50 1 DEF PATTERN 1 1 CUM (2611.753 S) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Sub Exposures ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Target | Exp |Instr | Oper. | Aper |Spectral|Cent.|Primary |Secondary |Iteration |CR-SPLIT |Orbit |Duration Name | Num |Config | Mode | or FOV |Element |Wave.|Pattern Pos |Pattern Pos |Num |Num |Number | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ UV-171687 1 WFC3/IR MULTIAC IR F160W 1 1 none none 1 N/A CUM UV-171687 1 WFC3/IR MULTIAC IR F160W 1 2 none none 1 N/A CUM UV-171687 1 WFC3/IR MULTIAC IR F160W 2 1 none none 1 N/A CUM UV-171687 1 WFC3/IR MULTIAC IR F160W 2 2 none none 1 N/A CUM 14721( 3) - 19-Jul-2016 15:23:13 - [ 10] Visit: 06 Visit Requirements: On Hold Comments: Additional Comments: Exposures ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Exp | Target | Instr | Oper. | Aper |Spectral|Central| Optional |Num| Time | Special Num | Name | Config | Mode | or FOV |Element |Waveln.| Parameters |Exp| (Total) | Requirements ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 1 UV-239220 WFC3/IR MULTIAC IR F160W NSAMP=14, SAMP-SEQ=SPARS50 1 DEF PATTERN 1 1 CUM (2611.753 S) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Sub Exposures ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Target | Exp |Instr | Oper. | Aper |Spectral|Cent.|Primary |Secondary |Iteration |CR-SPLIT |Orbit |Duration Name | Num |Config | Mode | or FOV |Element |Wave.|Pattern Pos |Pattern Pos |Num |Num |Number | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ UV-239220 1 WFC3/IR MULTIAC IR F160W 1 1 none none 1 N/A CUM UV-239220 1 WFC3/IR MULTIAC IR F160W 1 2 none none 1 N/A CUM UV-239220 1 WFC3/IR MULTIAC IR F160W 2 1 none none 1 N/A CUM UV-239220 1 WFC3/IR MULTIAC IR F160W 2 2 none none 1 N/A CUM 14721( 3) - 19-Jul-2016 15:23:13 - [ 11] Visit: 07 Visit Requirements: On Hold Comments: Additional Comments: Exposures ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Exp | Target | Instr | Oper. | Aper |Spectral|Central| Optional |Num| Time | Special Num | Name | Config | Mode | or FOV |Element |Waveln.| Parameters |Exp| (Total) | Requirements ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 1 UV-230929 WFC3/IR MULTIAC IR F160W NSAMP=14, SAMP-SEQ=SPARS50 1 DEF PATTERN 1 1 CUM (2611.753 S) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Sub Exposures ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Target | Exp |Instr | Oper. | Aper |Spectral|Cent.|Primary |Secondary |Iteration |CR-SPLIT |Orbit |Duration Name | Num |Config | Mode | or FOV |Element |Wave.|Pattern Pos |Pattern Pos |Num |Num |Number | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ UV-230929 1 WFC3/IR MULTIAC IR F160W 1 1 none none 1 N/A CUM UV-230929 1 WFC3/IR MULTIAC IR F160W 1 2 none none 1 N/A CUM UV-230929 1 WFC3/IR MULTIAC IR F160W 2 1 none none 1 N/A CUM UV-230929 1 WFC3/IR MULTIAC IR F160W 2 2 none none 1 N/A CUM 14721( 3) - 19-Jul-2016 15:23:13 - [ 12] Visit: 08 Visit Requirements: On Hold Comments: Additional Comments: Exposures ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Exp | Target | Instr | Oper. | Aper |Spectral|Central| Optional |Num| Time | Special Num | Name | Config | Mode | or FOV |Element |Waveln.| Parameters |Exp| (Total) | Requirements ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 1 UV-250513 WFC3/IR MULTIAC IR F160W NSAMP=14, SAMP-SEQ=SPARS50 1 DEF PATTERN 1 1 CUM (2611.753 S) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Sub Exposures ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Target | Exp |Instr | Oper. | Aper |Spectral|Cent.|Primary |Secondary |Iteration |CR-SPLIT |Orbit |Duration Name | Num |Config | Mode | or FOV |Element |Wave.|Pattern Pos |Pattern Pos |Num |Num |Number | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ UV-250513 1 WFC3/IR MULTIAC IR F160W 1 1 none none 1 N/A CUM UV-250513 1 WFC3/IR MULTIAC IR F160W 1 2 none none 1 N/A CUM UV-250513 1 WFC3/IR MULTIAC IR F160W 2 1 none none 1 N/A CUM UV-250513 1 WFC3/IR MULTIAC IR F160W 2 2 none none 1 N/A CUM 14721( 3) - 19-Jul-2016 15:23:13 - [ 13] Visit: 09 Visit Requirements: On Hold Comments: Additional Comments: Exposures ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Exp | Target | Instr | Oper. | Aper |Spectral|Central| Optional |Num| Time | Special Num | Name | Config | Mode | or FOV |Element |Waveln.| Parameters |Exp| (Total) | Requirements ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 1 UV-773654 WFC3/IR MULTIAC IR F160W NSAMP=14, SAMP-SEQ=SPARS50 1 DEF PATTERN 1 1 CUM (2611.753 S) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Sub Exposures ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Target | Exp |Instr | Oper. | Aper |Spectral|Cent.|Primary |Secondary |Iteration |CR-SPLIT |Orbit |Duration Name | Num |Config | Mode | or FOV |Element |Wave.|Pattern Pos |Pattern Pos |Num |Num |Number | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ UV-773654 1 WFC3/IR MULTIAC IR F160W 1 1 none none 1 N/A CUM UV-773654 1 WFC3/IR MULTIAC IR F160W 1 2 none none 1 N/A CUM UV-773654 1 WFC3/IR MULTIAC IR F160W 2 1 none none 1 N/A CUM UV-773654 1 WFC3/IR MULTIAC IR F160W 2 2 none none 1 N/A CUM 14721( 3) - 19-Jul-2016 15:23:13 - [ 14] Visit: 10 Visit Requirements: On Hold Comments: Additional Comments: Exposures ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Exp | Target | Instr | Oper. | Aper |Spectral|Central| Optional |Num| Time | Special Num | Name | Config | Mode | or FOV |Element |Waveln.| Parameters |Exp| (Total) | Requirements ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 1 UV-90676 WFC3/IR MULTIAC IR F160W NSAMP=14, SAMP-SEQ=SPARS50 1 DEF PATTERN 1 1 CUM (2611.753 S) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Sub Exposures ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Target | Exp |Instr | Oper. | Aper |Spectral|Cent.|Primary |Secondary |Iteration |CR-SPLIT |Orbit |Duration Name | Num |Config | Mode | or FOV |Element |Wave.|Pattern Pos |Pattern Pos |Num |Num |Number | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ UV-90676 1 WFC3/IR MULTIAC IR F160W 1 1 none none 1 N/A CUM UV-90676 1 WFC3/IR MULTIAC IR F160W 1 2 none none 1 N/A CUM UV-90676 1 WFC3/IR MULTIAC IR F160W 2 1 none none 1 N/A CUM UV-90676 1 WFC3/IR MULTIAC IR F160W 2 2 none none 1 N/A CUM 14721( 3) - 19-Jul-2016 15:23:13 - [ 15] Visit: 11 Visit Requirements: On Hold Comments: Additional Comments: Exposures ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Exp | Target | Instr | Oper. | Aper |Spectral|Central| Optional |Num| Time | Special Num | Name | Config | Mode | or FOV |Element |Waveln.| Parameters |Exp| (Total) | Requirements ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 1 UDS-19627 WFC3/IR MULTIAC IR F160W NSAMP=14, SAMP-SEQ=SPARS50 1 DEF GS ACQ SCENARIO BASE1B3; CUM (2611.753 PATTERN 1 1 S) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Sub Exposures ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Target | Exp |Instr | Oper. | Aper |Spectral|Cent.|Primary |Secondary |Iteration |CR-SPLIT |Orbit |Duration Name | Num |Config | Mode | or FOV |Element |Wave.|Pattern Pos |Pattern Pos |Num |Num |Number | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ UDS-19627 1 WFC3/IR MULTIAC IR F160W 1 1 none none 1 N/A CUM UDS-19627 1 WFC3/IR MULTIAC IR F160W 1 2 none none 1 N/A CUM UDS-19627 1 WFC3/IR MULTIAC IR F160W 2 1 none none 1 N/A CUM UDS-19627 1 WFC3/IR MULTIAC IR F160W 2 2 none none 1 N/A CUM 14721( 3) - 19-Jul-2016 15:23:13 - [ 16] Summary Form for Proposal 14721 Item Used in this proposal ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Apertures IR ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Configurations WFC3/IR ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Opmodes MULTIACCUM ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Optional Parameters NSAMP=14, SAMP-SEQ=SPARS50 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Special Requirements GS ACQ SCENARIO BASE1B3, PATTERN 1 1 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Spectral Elements F160W ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Target Names UDS-19627, UV-105842, UV-108899, UV-155853, UV-171060, UV-171687, UV-230929, UV-239220, UV-250513, UV-773654, UV-90676 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------