15341( 5) - 24-May-2018 16:12:23 - [ 1] HUBBLE SPACE TELESCOPE OBSERVING PROGRAM 15341 Version: 5 Check-in Time: 24-May-2018 16:12:23 STScI Edit Number: 0 Title Testing a New Method for Finding Leaky Galaxies: Implications for the Epoch of Reionization ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Type Cycle GO 25 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Investigators Contact? PI: Timothy M. Heckman The Johns Hopkins University Y CoI: Dr. Roderik A. Overzier Observatorio Nacional N CoI: Ms. Rachael Alexandroff The Johns Hopkins University N CoI: Dr. Sanchayeeta Borthakur Arizona State University N CoI: Dr. Claus Leitherer Space Telescope Science Institute N ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Abstract One of the core missions of JWST will be understanding the Epoch of Reionization (EOR), which traces the formation of the earliest progenitors of present-day galaxies. A major uncertainty is the relative amount of ionizing Lyman Continuum (LyC) photons that can escape from these early galaxies. Unfortunately, it is not possible to directly measure the leakage of LyC photons from galaxies during the EOR. The best strategy is to find lower redshift galaxies that are leaking LyC photons, and to use these analogs to both understand the physical processes that make this leakage possible and to identify reliable indirect signposts of leaky galaxies that could be measured with JWST. We propose to test one such promising signpost: the relative weakness of the [SII]6717, 6731 emission-lines. The lines are produced near and just beyond the outer edge of a Stromgren sphere. In conditions when the gas is optically-thin to LyC photons (allowing leakage) these lines therefore become weak. Our specific goal is to directly observe the rest-frame LyC in five galaxies chosen to have unusually weak SII. If we succeed, this would provide a new signpost for JWST to characterize leaky galaxies during the EOR. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Observations Description ------------------------ We are observing the four target with G140L segment 1105 A. The idea is to get to the Lyman edge at 912A in the rest frame and measure the Lyman continuum flux. We will proceed by acquiring acquisition images with MIRROR A at S/N =40. Then we will observe with G140 L in each of the 4 FP-POS. These are supplemented by DARK observations at the end of each orbital visible range. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 15341( 5) - 24-May-2018 16:12:23 - [ 2] TARGET LIST Fixed Targets ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Tar| Target | Target | Target |Coord | Radial | Flux data No | Name | Description | Position |Eqnx | Vel. | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 1 SDSSJ222634. GALAXY, STARBURST RA=22H26M34.0700S +/- 0.1", J2000 Z = V = 18.5 +/- 0.1 2e-16 erg/s/cm2/A [FUV 07-090106.2 DEC=-09D01'6.20" +/- 0.1" 0.298805 flux density within the COS aperture 9 Reference Frame: ICRS Extended: NO ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 2 SDSSJ111905. GALAXY, STARBURST RA=11H19M5.2700S +/- 0.1", J2000 Z = V = 18.0 +/- 0.1 4e-16 erg/s/cm2/A [FUV 27+592514.1 DEC=+59D25'14.10" +/- 0.1" 0.289896 flux density within the COS aperture 4 Reference Frame: ICRS Extended: NO ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 3 SDSSJ091021. GALAXY, STARBURST RA=09H10M21.3500S +/- 0.1", J2000 Z = V = 18.6 +/- 0.1 3e-16 erg/s/cm2/A [FUV 35+610550.2 DEC=+61D05'50.20" +/- 0.1" 0.271994 flux density within the COS aperture 9 Reference Frame: ICRS Extended: NO ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 4 SDSSJ143256. GALAXY, STARBURST RA=14H32M56.4000S +/- 0.1", J2000 Z = V = 18.4 +/- 0.1 5e-16 erg/s/cm2/A [FUV 4+274249.6 DEC=+27D42'49.60" +/- 0.1" 0.266078 flux density within the COS aperture 9 Reference Frame: ICRS Extended: NO ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 5 SDSSJ124206. GALAXY, STARBURST RA=12H42M6.2400S +/- 0.1", J2000 Z = V = 18.7 +/- 0.1 3e-16 erg/s/cm2/A [FUV 24+011537.5 DEC=+01D15'37.50" +/- 0.1" 0.270637 flux density within the COS aperture] 1 Reference Frame: ICRS Extended: NO ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 15341( 5) - 24-May-2018 16:12:23 - [ 3] Visit: 01 (Visit 1 Modified :: 3 orbits) Visit Requirements: On Hold Comments: Additional Comments: Exposures ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Exp | Target | Instr | Oper. | Aper |Spectral|Central| Optional |Num| Time | Special Num | Name | Config | Mode | or FOV |Element |Waveln.| Parameters |Exp| (Total) | Requirements ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 1 SDSSJ222634 COS/NUV ACQ/IMA PSA MIRRORA 1 241 S (241 .07-090106. GE S) 2 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 2 SDSSJ222634 COS/FUV TIME-TA PSA G140L 1105 BUFFER-TIME=1953, FP-POS=1, 1 2063 S .07-090106. G SEGMENT=A (2063 S) 2 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 3 SDSSJ222634 COS/FUV TIME-TA PSA G140L 1105 BUFFER-TIME=1531, FP-POS=2, 1 1641 S .07-090106. G SEGMENT=A (1641 S) 2 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 4 SDSSJ222634 COS/FUV TIME-TA PSA G140L 1105 BUFFER-TIME=1063, FP-POS=3, 1 1173 S .07-090106. G SEGMENT=A (1173 S) 2 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 5 SDSSJ222634 COS/FUV TIME-TA PSA G140L 1105 BUFFER-TIME=790, FP-POS=3, 1 900 S (900 .07-090106. G SEGMENT=A S) 2 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 6 SDSSJ222634 COS/FUV TIME-TA PSA G140L 1105 BUFFER-TIME=1794, FP-POS=4, 1 1904 S .07-090106. G SEGMENT=A (1904 S) 2 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Sub Exposures ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Target | Exp |Instr | Oper. | Aper |Spectral|Cent.|Primary |Secondary |Iteration |CR-SPLIT |Orbit |Duration Name | Num |Config | Mode | or FOV |Element |Wave.|Pattern Pos |Pattern Pos |Num |Num |Number | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ SDSSJ222634.07-0901 1 COS/NUV ACQ/IMA PSA MIRRORA none none none none 1 N/A 06.2 GE SDSSJ222634.07-0901 2 COS/FUV TIME-TA PSA G140L 1105 none none none none 1 N/A 06.2 G SDSSJ222634.07-0901 3 COS/FUV TIME-TA PSA G140L 1105 none none none none 2 N/A 06.2 G SDSSJ222634.07-0901 4 COS/FUV TIME-TA PSA G140L 1105 none none none none 2 N/A 06.2 G SDSSJ222634.07-0901 5 COS/FUV TIME-TA PSA G140L 1105 none none none none 3 N/A 06.2 G SDSSJ222634.07-0901 6 COS/FUV TIME-TA PSA G140L 1105 none none none none 3 N/A 06.2 G 15341( 5) - 24-May-2018 16:12:23 - [ 4] Visit: 02 (Visit 2 Modified :: 2 orbits) Visit Requirements: On Hold Comments: Additional Comments: Exposures ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Exp | Target | Instr | Oper. | Aper |Spectral|Central| Optional |Num| Time | Special Num | Name | Config | Mode | or FOV |Element |Waveln.| Parameters |Exp| (Total) | Requirements ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 1 SDSSJ111905 COS/NUV ACQ/IMA PSA MIRRORA 1 120 S (120 .27+592514. GE S) 1 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 2 SDSSJ111905 COS/FUV TIME-TA PSA G140L 1105 BUFFER-TIME=1112, FP-POS=1, 1 1222 S .27+592514. G SEGMENT=A (1222 S) 1 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 3 SDSSJ111905 COS/FUV TIME-TA PSA G140L 1105 BUFFER-TIME=1112, FP-POS=2, 1 1222 S .27+592514. G SEGMENT=A (1222 S) 1 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 4 SDSSJ111905 COS/FUV TIME-TA PSA G140L 1105 BUFFER-TIME=1400, FP-POS=3, 1 1510 S .27+592514. G SEGMENT=A (1510 S) 1 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 5 SDSSJ111905 COS/FUV TIME-TA PSA G140L 1105 BUFFER-TIME=1438, FP-POS=4, 1 1548 S .27+592514. G SEGMENT=A (1548 S) 1 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Sub Exposures ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Target | Exp |Instr | Oper. | Aper |Spectral|Cent.|Primary |Secondary |Iteration |CR-SPLIT |Orbit |Duration Name | Num |Config | Mode | or FOV |Element |Wave.|Pattern Pos |Pattern Pos |Num |Num |Number | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ SDSSJ111905.27+5925 1 COS/NUV ACQ/IMA PSA MIRRORA none none none none 1 N/A 14.1 GE SDSSJ111905.27+5925 2 COS/FUV TIME-TA PSA G140L 1105 none none none none 1 N/A 14.1 G SDSSJ111905.27+5925 3 COS/FUV TIME-TA PSA G140L 1105 none none none none 1 N/A 14.1 G SDSSJ111905.27+5925 4 COS/FUV TIME-TA PSA G140L 1105 none none none none 2 N/A 14.1 G SDSSJ111905.27+5925 5 COS/FUV TIME-TA PSA G140L 1105 none none none none 2 N/A 14.1 G 15341( 5) - 24-May-2018 16:12:23 - [ 5] Visit: 03 (Visit 3 Modified :: 3 orbits) Visit Requirements: On Hold Comments: Additional Comments: Exposures ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Exp | Target | Instr | Oper. | Aper |Spectral|Central| Optional |Num| Time | Special Num | Name | Config | Mode | or FOV |Element |Waveln.| Parameters |Exp| (Total) | Requirements ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 1 SDSSJ091021 COS/NUV ACQ/IMA PSA MIRRORA 1 161 S (161 .35+610550. GE S) 2 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 2 SDSSJ091021 COS/FUV TIME-TA PSA G140L 1105 BUFFER-TIME=2379, FP-POS=1, 1 2489 S .35+610550. G SEGMENT=A (2489 S) 2 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 3 SDSSJ091021 COS/FUV TIME-TA PSA G140L 1105 BUFFER-TIME=1796, FP-POS=2, 1 1906 S .35+610550. G SEGMENT=A (1906 S) 2 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 4 SDSSJ091021 COS/FUV TIME-TA PSA G140L 1105 BUFFER-TIME=1064, FP-POS=3, 1 1174 S .35+610550. G SEGMENT=A (1174 S) 2 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 5 SDSSJ091021 COS/FUV TIME-TA PSA G140L 1105 BUFFER-TIME=790, FP-POS=3, 1 900 S (900 .35+610550. G SEGMENT=A S) 2 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 6 SDSSJ091021 COS/FUV TIME-TA PSA G140L 1105 BUFFER-TIME=20560, FP-POS=4, 1 2170 S .35+610550. G SEGMENT=A (2170 S) 2 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Sub Exposures ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Target | Exp |Instr | Oper. | Aper |Spectral|Cent.|Primary |Secondary |Iteration |CR-SPLIT |Orbit |Duration Name | Num |Config | Mode | or FOV |Element |Wave.|Pattern Pos |Pattern Pos |Num |Num |Number | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ SDSSJ091021.35+6105 1 COS/NUV ACQ/IMA PSA MIRRORA none none none none 1 N/A 50.2 GE SDSSJ091021.35+6105 2 COS/FUV TIME-TA PSA G140L 1105 none none none none 1 N/A 50.2 G SDSSJ091021.35+6105 3 COS/FUV TIME-TA PSA G140L 1105 none none none none 2 N/A 50.2 G SDSSJ091021.35+6105 4 COS/FUV TIME-TA PSA G140L 1105 none none none none 2 N/A 50.2 G SDSSJ091021.35+6105 5 COS/FUV TIME-TA PSA G140L 1105 none none none none 3 N/A 50.2 G SDSSJ091021.35+6105 6 COS/FUV TIME-TA PSA G140L 1105 none none none none 3 N/A 50.2 G 15341( 5) - 24-May-2018 16:12:23 - [ 6] Visit: 04 (Visit 4 Modified :: 2 orbits) Visit Requirements: On Hold Comments: Additional Comments: Exposures ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Exp | Target | Instr | Oper. | Aper |Spectral|Central| Optional |Num| Time | Special Num | Name | Config | Mode | or FOV |Element |Waveln.| Parameters |Exp| (Total) | Requirements ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 1 SDSSJ143256 COS/NUV ACQ/IMA PSA MIRRORA 1 97 S (97 .4+274249.6 GE S) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 2 SDSSJ143256 COS/FUV TIME-TA PSA G140L 1105 BUFFER-TIME=1000, FP-POS=1, 1 1110 S .4+274249.6 G SEGMENT=A (1110 S) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 3 SDSSJ143256 COS/FUV TIME-TA PSA G140L 1105 BUFFER-TIME=1046, FP-POS=2, 1 1156 S .4+274249.6 G SEGMENT=A (1156 S) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 4 SDSSJ143256 COS/FUV TIME-TA PSA G140L 1105 BUFFER-TIME=1300, FP-POS=3, 1 1410 S .4+274249.6 G SEGMENT=A (1410 S) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 5 SDSSJ143256 COS/FUV TIME-TA PSA G140L 1105 BUFFER-TIME=1314, FP-POS=4, 1 1424 S .4+274249.6 G SEGMENT=A (1424 S) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Sub Exposures ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Target | Exp |Instr | Oper. | Aper |Spectral|Cent.|Primary |Secondary |Iteration |CR-SPLIT |Orbit |Duration Name | Num |Config | Mode | or FOV |Element |Wave.|Pattern Pos |Pattern Pos |Num |Num |Number | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ SDSSJ143256.4+27424 1 COS/NUV ACQ/IMA PSA MIRRORA none none none none 1 N/A 9.6 GE SDSSJ143256.4+27424 2 COS/FUV TIME-TA PSA G140L 1105 none none none none 1 N/A 9.6 G SDSSJ143256.4+27424 3 COS/FUV TIME-TA PSA G140L 1105 none none none none 1 N/A 9.6 G SDSSJ143256.4+27424 4 COS/FUV TIME-TA PSA G140L 1105 none none none none 2 N/A 9.6 G SDSSJ143256.4+27424 5 COS/FUV TIME-TA PSA G140L 1105 none none none none 2 N/A 9.6 G 15341( 5) - 24-May-2018 16:12:23 - [ 7] Visit: 05 (Visit 5 Modified :: 3 orbits) Visit Requirements: On Hold Comments: Additional Comments: Exposures ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Exp | Target | Instr | Oper. | Aper |Spectral|Central| Optional |Num| Time | Special Num | Name | Config | Mode | or FOV |Element |Waveln.| Parameters |Exp| (Total) | Requirements ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 1 SDSSJ124206 COS/NUV ACQ/IMA PSA MIRRORA 1 161 S (161 .24+011537. GE S) 5 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 2 SDSSJ124206 COS/FUV TIME-TA PSA G140L 1105 BUFFER-TIME=2110, FP-POS=1, 1 2220 S .24+011537. G SEGMENT=A (2220 S) 5 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 3 SDSSJ124206 COS/FUV TIME-TA PSA G140L 1105 BUFFER-TIME=1531, FP-POS=2, 1 1641 S .24+011537. G SEGMENT=A (1641 S) 5 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 4 SDSSJ124206 COS/FUV TIME-TA PSA G140L 1105 BUFFER-TIME=1060, FP-POS=3, 1 1170 S .24+011537. G SEGMENT=A (1170 S) 5 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 5 SDSSJ124206 COS/FUV TIME-TA PSA G140L 1105 BUFFER-TIME=790, FP-POS=3, 1 900 S (900 .24+011537. G SEGMENT=A S) 5 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 6 SDSSJ124206 COS/FUV TIME-TA PSA G140L 1105 BUFFER-TIME=1791, FP-POS=4, 1 1901 S .24+011537. G SEGMENT=A (1901 S) 5 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Sub Exposures ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Target | Exp |Instr | Oper. | Aper |Spectral|Cent.|Primary |Secondary |Iteration |CR-SPLIT |Orbit |Duration Name | Num |Config | Mode | or FOV |Element |Wave.|Pattern Pos |Pattern Pos |Num |Num |Number | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ SDSSJ124206.24+0115 1 COS/NUV ACQ/IMA PSA MIRRORA none none none none 1 N/A 37.5 GE SDSSJ124206.24+0115 2 COS/FUV TIME-TA PSA G140L 1105 none none none none 1 N/A 37.5 G SDSSJ124206.24+0115 3 COS/FUV TIME-TA PSA G140L 1105 none none none none 2 N/A 37.5 G SDSSJ124206.24+0115 4 COS/FUV TIME-TA PSA G140L 1105 none none none none 2 N/A 37.5 G SDSSJ124206.24+0115 5 COS/FUV TIME-TA PSA G140L 1105 none none none none 3 N/A 37.5 G SDSSJ124206.24+0115 6 COS/FUV TIME-TA PSA G140L 1105 none none none none 3 N/A 37.5 G 15341( 5) - 24-May-2018 16:12:23 - [ 8] Visit: 06 (Visit 5 HOPR repeat :: 3 orbits) Visit Requirements: On Hold Comments: Additional Comments: Exposures ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Exp | Target | Instr | Oper. | Aper |Spectral|Central| Optional |Num| Time | Special Num | Name | Config | Mode | or FOV |Element |Waveln.| Parameters |Exp| (Total) | Requirements ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 1 SDSSJ124206 COS/NUV ACQ/IMA PSA MIRRORA 1 161 S (161 .24+011537. GE S) 5 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 2 SDSSJ124206 COS/FUV TIME-TA PSA G140L 1105 BUFFER-TIME=2110, FP-POS=1, 1 2220 S .24+011537. G SEGMENT=A (2220 S) 5 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 3 SDSSJ124206 COS/FUV TIME-TA PSA G140L 1105 BUFFER-TIME=1531, FP-POS=2, 1 1641 S .24+011537. G SEGMENT=A (1641 S) 5 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 4 SDSSJ124206 COS/FUV TIME-TA PSA G140L 1105 BUFFER-TIME=1060, FP-POS=3, 1 1170 S .24+011537. G SEGMENT=A (1170 S) 5 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 5 SDSSJ124206 COS/FUV TIME-TA PSA G140L 1105 BUFFER-TIME=790, FP-POS=3, 1 900 S (900 .24+011537. G SEGMENT=A S) 5 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 6 SDSSJ124206 COS/FUV TIME-TA PSA G140L 1105 BUFFER-TIME=1791, FP-POS=4, 1 1901 S .24+011537. G SEGMENT=A (1901 S) 5 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Sub Exposures ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Target | Exp |Instr | Oper. | Aper |Spectral|Cent.|Primary |Secondary |Iteration |CR-SPLIT |Orbit |Duration Name | Num |Config | Mode | or FOV |Element |Wave.|Pattern Pos |Pattern Pos |Num |Num |Number | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ SDSSJ124206.24+0115 1 COS/NUV ACQ/IMA PSA MIRRORA none none none none 1 N/A 37.5 GE SDSSJ124206.24+0115 2 COS/FUV TIME-TA PSA G140L 1105 none none none none 1 N/A 37.5 G SDSSJ124206.24+0115 3 COS/FUV TIME-TA PSA G140L 1105 none none none none 2 N/A 37.5 G SDSSJ124206.24+0115 4 COS/FUV TIME-TA PSA G140L 1105 none none none none 2 N/A 37.5 G SDSSJ124206.24+0115 5 COS/FUV TIME-TA PSA G140L 1105 none none none none 3 N/A 37.5 G SDSSJ124206.24+0115 6 COS/FUV TIME-TA PSA G140L 1105 none none none none 3 N/A 37.5 G 15341( 5) - 24-May-2018 16:12:23 - [ 9] Summary Form for Proposal 15341 Item Used in this proposal ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Apertures PSA ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Configurations COS/FUV, COS/NUV ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Opmodes ACQ/IMAGE, TIME-TAG ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Optional Parameters BUFFER-TIME=1000, BUFFER-TIME=1046, BUFFER-TIME=1060, BUFFER-TIME=1063, BUFFER-TIME=1064, BUFFER-TIME=1112, BUFFER-TIME=1300, BUFFER-TIME=1314, BUFFER-TIME=1400, BUFFER-TIME=1438, BUFFER-TIME=1531, BUFFER-TIME=1791, BUFFER-TIME=1794, BUFFER-TIME=1796, BUFFER-TIME=1953, BUFFER-TIME=20560, BUFFER-TIME=2110, BUFFER-TIME=2379, BUFFER-TIME=790, FP-POS=1, FP-POS=2, FP-POS=3, FP-POS=4, SEGMENT=A ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Spectral Elements G140L, MIRRORA ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Target Names SDSSJ091021.35+610550.2, SDSSJ111905.27+592514.1, SDSSJ124206.24+011537.5, SDSSJ143256.4+274249.6, SDSSJ222634.07-090106.2 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------