Page 1 PROPOSAL FOR HUBBLE SPACE TELESCOPE OBSERVATIONS ST ScI Use Only ID 6141 Report Date: 18-Jul-95:20:16 Version: ********** Check-in Date: ********** 1.Proposal Title: THE AFTERMATH OF SL9 AND JUPITER ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 2. Scientific Category 3. Proposal For 4. Proposal Type 5. Continuation ID SOLAR SYSTEM GO/DD Sub Category SATELLITES ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 6. Principal Investigator Institution Country Telephone Dr. Roger Yelle NASA/AMES USA 410)-338-4903 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 7. Abstract This is the follow-up proposal for HST observations of the SL9 impact with Jupiter. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 8. Scientific Key Words: GIANT PLANETS ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 9. Est obs time (hours) pri: 12.5 par: 0 10. Num targs pri: 1 par: 0 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 11. Instruments requested: FOS WF/PC ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 12. Special sched req: Time Critical obs. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Page 2 I. GENERAL FORM Proposal 6141 PI: Dr. Roger Yelle Proposal Title: THE AFTERMATH OF SL9 AND JUPITER ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 1. Proposers: Proposers Institution Country ESA ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Dr. Roger Yelle USA Dr. Melissa Mcgrath 3470 USA Dr. Keith Noll 3470 USA Dr. Hal Weaver 3470 USA Dr. Heidi Hammel 2630 USA Dr. John Clarke 2660 USA Dr. Robert West 2370 USA ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 3. Description of proposed observations. DD time observations to follow up on SL9 are described here. see original SL9 proposal for observing details ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 4. Justification of need for HST observations. Only HST has the capability for high-resolution imaging and UV spectroscopy that is necessary for these observations. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 5. Description of special scheduling requirements. Time is of the essence since we do not know how quickly the impacts may be evolving. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 11. Address Information Name: ROGER YELLE Category: PI Institution: Address: City: State: Zip Code: Country: USA Telephone: 410 338-4903 Telex (or e-mail): ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ TARGET LIST b)Solar System Targets ID = 6141 [ 3] ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ TARGET NUMBER: 1 | TARGET NAME: JUPITER-CENTER ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ TARGET DESCRIPTION: PLANET JUPITER ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ TARGET POSITION LEVEL 1 | TARGET POSITION LEVEL 2 | STD = JUPITER | TYPE=POS_ANGLE,RAD=7.5,ANG=90, | REF=SUN | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ TARGET POSITION LEVEL 3 | WINDOWS | | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ REF | DATA | COMMENTS | | | | OFFSET 7.5 ARCSEC TO GUARENTEE | | JOVIAN SUNLIT LIMB IN PC FIELD OF | | VIEW | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ TARGET NUMBER: 2 | TARGET NAME: JUPITER-WF ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ TARGET DESCRIPTION: PLANET JUPITER ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ TARGET POSITION LEVEL 1 | TARGET POSITION LEVEL 2 | STD = JUPITER | TYPE=POS_ANGLE,RAD=5,ANG=0,REF=SUN | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ TARGET POSITION LEVEL 3 | WINDOWS | | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ REF | DATA | COMMENTS | | | | OFFSET 5 ARCSEC TO GUARENTEE JOVIAN | | SUNLIT LIMB IN WF FIELD OF VIEW | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ TARGET LIST b)Solar System Targets ID = 6141 [ 4] ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ TARGET NUMBER: 3 | TARGET NAME: JUPITER-FUV1 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ TARGET DESCRIPTION: PLANET JUPITER ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ TARGET POSITION LEVEL 1 | TARGET POSITION LEVEL 2 | STD = JUPITER | | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ TARGET POSITION LEVEL 3 | WINDOWS | | CML OF JUPITER FROM EARTH | BETWEEN 340 60 | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ REF | DATA | COMMENTS | | 1 |V = -2.5 +/- 0.5 | olg of io from earth between 200 260 2 |F-LINE(1400) = 3 +/- 1 E-14 | 2 |W-LINE(1400) = 420 | 3 |F-CONT(1800) = 5 +/- 5 E-14 | | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ TARGET NUMBER: 4 | TARGET NAME: JUPITER-FUV2 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ TARGET DESCRIPTION: PLANET JUPITER ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ TARGET POSITION LEVEL 1 | TARGET POSITION LEVEL 2 | STD = JUPITER | | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ TARGET POSITION LEVEL 3 | WINDOWS | | CML OF JUPITER FROM EARTH | BETWEEN 160 240 | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ REF | DATA | COMMENTS | | 1 |V = -2.5 +/- 0.5 | olg of io from earth between 200 260 2 |F-LINE(1400) = 3 +/- 1 E-14 | 2 |W-LINE(1400) = 420 | 3 |F-CONT(1800) = 5 +/- 5 E-14 | | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ TARGET LIST b)Solar System Targets ID = 6141 [ 5] ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ TARGET NUMBER: 5 | TARGET NAME: JUPITER-FOS ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ TARGET DESCRIPTION: PLANET JUPITER ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ TARGET POSITION LEVEL 1 | TARGET POSITION LEVEL 2 | STD = JUPITER | TYPE = carto, | LONG = 20, | LAT = -48 | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ TARGET POSITION LEVEL 3 | WINDOWS | | CML OF JUPITER FROM EARTH | BETWEEN 355 45 | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ REF | DATA | COMMENTS | | 1 |F-CONT(1800) = 5 +/- 5 E-14 | PLANETOGRAPHIC is to be used | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ TARGET NUMBER: 6 | TARGET NAME: JUPITER-FOS1 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ TARGET DESCRIPTION: PLANET JUPITER ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ TARGET POSITION LEVEL 1 | TARGET POSITION LEVEL 2 | STD = JUPITER | TYPE = carto, | LONG = 20, | LAT = -48 | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ TARGET POSITION LEVEL 3 | WINDOWS | | CML OF JUPITER FROM EARTH | BETWEEN 320 350 | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ REF | DATA | COMMENTS | | 1 |F-CONT(1800) = 5 +/- 5 E-14 | PLANETOGRAPHIC is to be used | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ TARGET LIST b)Solar System Targets ID = 6141 [ 6] ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ TARGET NUMBER: 7 | TARGET NAME: JUPITER-FOS2 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ TARGET DESCRIPTION: PLANET JUPITER ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ TARGET POSITION LEVEL 1 | TARGET POSITION LEVEL 2 | STD = JUPITER | TYPE = carto, | LONG = 20, | LAT = -46 | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ TARGET POSITION LEVEL 3 | WINDOWS | | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ REF | DATA | COMMENTS | | 1 |F-CONT(1800) = 5 +/- 5 E-14 | PLANETOGRAPHIC is to be used | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ TARGET NUMBER: 8 | TARGET NAME: JUPITER-FOS3 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ TARGET DESCRIPTION: PLANET JUPITER ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ TARGET POSITION LEVEL 1 | TARGET POSITION LEVEL 2 | STD = JUPITER | TYPE = carto, | LONG = 20, | LAT = -50 | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ TARGET POSITION LEVEL 3 | WINDOWS | | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ REF | DATA | COMMENTS | | 1 |F-CONT(1800) = 5 +/- 5 E-14 | PLANETOGRAPHIC is to be used | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ TARGET LIST b)Solar System Targets ID = 6141 [ 7] ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ TARGET NUMBER: 9 | TARGET NAME: JUPITER-FOS4 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ TARGET DESCRIPTION: PLANET JUPITER ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ TARGET POSITION LEVEL 1 | TARGET POSITION LEVEL 2 | STD = JUPITER | TYPE = carto, | LONG = 20, | LAT = -48 | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ TARGET POSITION LEVEL 3 | WINDOWS | | CML OF JUPITER FROM EARTH | BETWEEN 75 105 | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ REF | DATA | COMMENTS | | 1 |F-CONT(1800) = 5 +/- 5 E-14 | PLANETOGRAPHIC is to be used | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ EXPOSURE LOGSHEET ID = 6141 [ 8] ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 |10 | 11 | 12 |13 |14| 15 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Line | Seq | Target |Instr | Oper. | Aper |Spectral|Central| Optional |Num| Time | S/N |Flx|Pr| Special Number | Name | Name |Config| Mode |or FOV |Element |Waveln.| Parameters |Exp| |Rel. Time|Ref| | Requirements ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 1.01 JUPITER- WFPC2 IMAGE FQCH4P1 FQCH4P15 8922 READ=1+4 1 100.0 S SEQ 1.010-1.090 CENTER 5 ATD-GAIN=7 NON-INT ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 1.02 JUPITER- WFPC2 IMAGE FQCH4P1 F953N READ=1+4 1 16.0 S CENTER 5 ATD-GAIN=7 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 1.03 JUPITER- WFPC2 IMAGE FQCH4P1 F555W READ=1+4 1 0.3 S CENTER 5 ATD-GAIN=15 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 1.04 JUPITER- WFPC2 IMAGE FQCH4P1 F410M READ=1+4 1 10 S CENTER 5 ATD-GAIN=15 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 1.05 JUPITER- WFPC2 IMAGE FQCH4P1 F336W READ=1+4 1 18 S CENTER 5 ATD-GAIN=15 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 1.06 JUPITER- WFPC2 IMAGE FQCH4P1 F255W READ=1+4 1 300 S CENTER 5 ATD-GAIN=7 CR-SPLIT=NO ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 1.07 JUPITER- WFPC2 IMAGE FQCH4P1 FQCH4N 8922 READ=1+4 1 100 S CENTER 5 ATD-GAIN=7 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 1.08 JUPITER- WFPC2 IMAGE FQCH4P1 F953N READ=1+4 1 16.0 S CENTER 5 ATD-GAIN=7 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 1.09 JUPITER- WFPC2 IMAGE FQCH4P1 F410M READ=1+4 1 10 S CENTER 5 ATD-GAIN=15 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 2.01 JUPITER-WF WFPC2 IMAGE FQCH4W3 FQCH4N 8922 READ=3 1 14.0 S SEQ 2.010-2.100 ATD-GAIN=15 NON-INT AFTER 1.010 BY 192M +/- 20M ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 2.02 JUPITER-WF WFPC2 IMAGE FQCH4W3 F953N READ=3 1 8.0 S ATD-GAIN=15 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 2.03 JUPITER-WF WFPC2 IMAGE FQCH4W3 F547M READ=3 1 0.11 S ATD-GAIN=15 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 2.04 JUPITER-WF WFPC2 IMAGE FQCH4W3 F410M READ=3 1 2.0 S ATD-GAIN=15 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 2.05 JUPITER-WF WFPC2 IMAGE FQCH4W3 F336W READ=3 1 3.5 S ATD-GAIN=15 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 2.06 JUPITER-WF WFPC2 IMAGE FQCH4W3 F255W READ=3 1 60 S ATD-GAIN=7 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 2.07 JUPITER-WF WFPC2 IMAGE FQCH4W3 F218W READ=3 1 260 S ATD-GAIN=7 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ EXPOSURE LOGSHEET ID = 6141 [ 9] ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 |10 | 11 | 12 |13 |14| 15 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Line | Seq | Target |Instr | Oper. | Aper |Spectral|Central| Optional |Num| Time | S/N |Flx|Pr| Special Number | Name | Name |Config| Mode |or FOV |Element |Waveln.| Parameters |Exp| |Rel. Time|Ref| | Requirements ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 2.08 JUPITER-WF WFPC2 IMAGE FQCH4W3 FQCH4N 8922 READ=3 1 14.0 S ATD-GAIN=15 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 2.09 JUPITER-WF WFPC2 IMAGE FQCH4W3 F953N READ=3 1 8.0 S ATD-GAIN=15 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 2.1 JUPITER-WF WFPC2 IMAGE FQCH4W3 F410M READ=3 1 2.0 S ATD-GAIN=15 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 3.01 JUPITER-WF WFPC2 IMAGE FQCH4W3 FQCH4N 8922 READ=3 1 14.0 S SEQ 3.010-3.100 ATD-GAIN=15 NON-INT AFTER 1.010 BY 384M +/- 20M ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 3.02 JUPITER-WF WFPC2 IMAGE FQCH4W3 F953N READ=3 1 8.0 S ATD-GAIN=15 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 3.03 JUPITER-WF WFPC2 IMAGE FQCH4W3 F547M READ=3 1 0.11 S ATD-GAIN=15 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 3.04 JUPITER-WF WFPC2 IMAGE FQCH4W3 F410M READ=3 1 2.0 S ATD-GAIN=15 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 3.05 JUPITER-WF WFPC2 IMAGE FQCH4W3 F336W READ=3 1 3.5 S ATD-GAIN=15 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 3.06 JUPITER-WF WFPC2 IMAGE FQCH4W3 F255W READ=3 1 60 S ATD-GAIN=7 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 3.07 JUPITER-WF WFPC2 IMAGE FQCH4W3 F218W READ=3 1 260 S ATD-GAIN=7 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 3.08 JUPITER-WF WFPC2 IMAGE FQCH4W3 FQCH4N 8922 READ=3 1 14.0 S ATD-GAIN=15 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 3.09 JUPITER-WF WFPC2 IMAGE FQCH4W3 F953N READ=3 1 8.0 S ATD-GAIN=15 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 3.1 JUPITER-WF WFPC2 IMAGE FQCH4W3 F410M READ=3 1 2.0 S ATD-GAIN=15 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 4.01 JUPITER- WFPC2 IMAGE WF3-FIX F336W ATD-GAIN=15 1 3.5 S SEQ 4.010-4.040 FUV1 NON-INT ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 4.02 JUPITER- WFPC2 IMAGE WF3-FIX F160BN15 ATD-GAIN=7 1 640.0 S FUV1 CR-SPLIT=NO ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 4.03 JUPITER- WFPC2 IMAGE WF3-FIX F160BN15, ATD-GAIN=7 1 640.0 S FUV1 F130LP CR-SPLIT=NO ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 4.04 JUPITER- WFPC2 IMAGE WF3-FIX F255W ATD-GAIN=7 1 40.0 S FUV1 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ EXPOSURE LOGSHEET ID = 6141 [ 10] ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 |10 | 11 | 12 |13 |14| 15 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Line | Seq | Target |Instr | Oper. | Aper |Spectral|Central| Optional |Num| Time | S/N |Flx|Pr| Special Number | Name | Name |Config| Mode |or FOV |Element |Waveln.| Parameters |Exp| |Rel. Time|Ref| | Requirements ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 5.01 JUPITER- WFPC2 IMAGE WF3-FIX F336W ATD-GAIN=15 1 3.5 S SEQ 5.010-5.040 FUV2 NON-INT ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 5.02 JUPITER- WFPC2 IMAGE WF3-FIX F160BN15 ATD-GAIN=7 1 640.0 S FUV2 CR-SPLIT=NO ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 5.03 JUPITER- WFPC2 IMAGE WF3-FIX F160BN15, ATD-GAIN=7 1 640.0 S FUV2 F130LP CR-SPLIT=NO ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 5.04 JUPITER- WFPC2 IMAGE WF3-FIX F255W ATD-GAIN=7 1 40.0 S FUV2 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 10.01 JUPITER-FOS FOS/RD RAPID 1.0 G270H 1 120S 12 1 1 AT 17-FEB-95 +/- 20D SEQ 10.010-10.020 NO GAP ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 10.02 JUPITER-FOS FOS/RD ACCUM 1.0 G190H 1 1020S 12 1 1 Comments: expand all g190h to fill orbits ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 10.03 JUPITER-FOS WFPC2 IMAGE WF4-FIX F410M READ=4 1 2.0 S PCS MODE G ATD-GAIN=15 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 20.01 JUPITER- FOS/RD RAPID 1.0 G270H 1 120S 12 1 1 AT 24-MAR-95 +/- FOS1 5D SEQ 20.010-22.020 NO GAP ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 20.02 JUPITER- FOS/RD ACCUM 1.0 G190H 1 960S 12 1 1 FOS1 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 20.03 JUPITER- WFPC2 IMAGE WF4-FIX F410M READ=4 1 2.0 S PCS MODE G FOS1 ATD-GAIN=15 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 21.01 JUPITER- FOS/RD ACCUM 1.0 G190H 1 800S 12 1 1 FOS2 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 21.02 JUPITER- FOS/RD ACCUM 1.0 G190H 1 800S 12 1 1 FOS3 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 22.01 JUPITER- FOS/RD RAPID 1.0 G270H 1 120S 12 1 1 FOS4 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 22.02 JUPITER- FOS/RD ACCUM 1.0 G190H 1 1320S 12 1 1 cycle 4 /1.01- FOS4 22.02 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Summary Form for Proposal 6141 [ 11] Item Used in this proposal ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Configurations WFPC2 FOS/RD ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Opmodes IMAGE RAPID ACCUM ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Optional Parameters READ=1+4 ATD-GAIN=7 ATD-GAIN=15 CR-SPLIT=NO READ=3 CR-SPLIT= NO READ=4 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Proposal for GO/DD ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ S/C Hours 12.5 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Scientific Category SOLAR SYSTEM ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Scientific Sub-category SATELLITES ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Special Requirements SEQ 1.010-1.090 NON-INT SEQ 2.010-2.100 NON-INT; AFTER 1.010 BY 192M +/- 20M SEQ 3.010-3.100 NON-INT; AFTER 1.010 BY 384M +/- 20M SEQ 4.010-4.040 NON-INT SEQ 5.010-5.040 NON-INT AT 17-FEB-95 +/- 20D; SEQ 10.010-10.020 NO GAP; PCS MODE G AT 24-MAR-95 +/- 5D; SEQ 20.010-22.020 NO GAP; cycle 4 /1.01-22.02; ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Spectral Elements FQCH4P15 F953N F555W F410M F336W F255W FQCH4N F547M F218W F160BN15 F160BN15,F130LP G270H G190H ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Target Names JUPITER-CENTER JUPITER-WF JUPITER-FUV1 JUPITER-FUV2 JUPITER-FOS JUPITER-FOS1 JUPITER-FOS2 JUPITER-FOS3 JUPITER-FOS4 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------