7503( 14) - 08/05/99 13:48 - [ 1] PROPOSAL FOR HUBBLE SPACE TELESCOPE OBSERVATIONS ST ScI Use Only ID: 7503 Version: 14 Check-in Date: 05-Aug-1999 13:47:16 1.Proposal Title: Precise Astrometry in the Core of the Globular Cluster 47 Tuc: A Complete Census of High-Velocity Stars ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 2. Proposal For 3. Cycle GO 7 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 4. Investigators Contact? PI: Georges Meylan European Southern Observatory CoI: Dante Minniti Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory N CoI: Carlton Pryor Rutgers University, Physics & Astronomy N Department CoI: Sterl Phinney Theoretical Astrophysics, California N Institute of Technology CoI: Bruce Sams Max-Planck-Institut fuer N Extraterrestrische Physik CoI: Christopher Tinney Anglo Australian Observatory N ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 5. Abstract We propose to obtain the third and final epoch for our measurement of differential proper motions in the core of 47 Tuc using deep U (F300W) and V (F555W) WFPC2 images over two years (1^st epoch: Oct. 1995; 2^nd: Cycle 6 scheduled). The resulting motions will have a 1-Sigma uncertainty of 0.23 mas/yr -- corresponds to a 5-Sigma detection of all stars with velocities greater than 22 km/s. The choice of F300W will allow stars to be measured over the whole color-magnitude diagram, from the red -giant branch to well down the main sequence. Such a complete census will provide unique constraints on relaxation processes, collision and ejection rates, and the velocity distribution, as a function of the stellar mass. Binary stars play an essential role during the late phases of the dynamical evolution of a globular cluster. They transfer energy to passing stars, and so can strongly influence the cluster evolution. Hard binaries are known to exist in cluster cores, e.g., in th e form of millisecond pulsars. Th e presence of hard binaries may also be revealed by searching for the by-products of close encounters: high-velocity stars. Two such stars were serendipitously discovered in the core of 47 Tuc by Meylan et al. (1991), and similar stars have since been detected by Pryor et al. (1994). This represents the limit of the radial velocity data from the ground. If more progress is to be made in the search for high-velocity stars in 47 Tuc, it must be made by obtaining proper motions, a task for which only HST is suitable. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 7503( 14) - 08/05/99 13:48 - [ 2] Observations Description ------------------------ CCD astrometry from the ground has shown that three fundamental issues must be addressed in designing the observing program for high-precision relative astrometry. Given that these issues can be addressed, it has been shown that obtaining positions to better than 1\ limits (~ 10, 000 photons) can be reached. 1. The first requirement is that the astrometry must be carried out in a differential mode. Traditional photographic astrometry has always been limited by the need for a detailed knowledge of field distortions -- if your field is not flat, and you cannot guarantee a priori where your astrometric stars will be placed in that field, it is essential that it be possible to flatten the field to high precision. On the ground, CCDs obviate this problem by allowing one to always place the target objects back in the same place on the CCD to within a few pixels, at which point the field distortions cancel out and high precisions can be reached. For HST observations then, we need to place a fiducial object back on the same place of the PC1 CCD at each epoch to within a few pixels. Moreover, it imposes the requirement that all observations must be made with an identical roll angle. The overheads on this requirement are high, however the requirement is a stringent one. The field distortion of the PC1 is not known to sufficient precision for 0.4 mas per epoch positions to be determined, therefore differential observations are forced on us. 2. The second requirement is that the PSF must be well sampled by the CCD. It has been realised in recent years that CCDs do not have uniform sensitivity across a pixel. In the worst case, the sensitivity can vary by as much as 5\ pixel. This obviously has serious implications for a program which aims to measure positions to an accuracy of better than 1\ pixel. Because HST is undersampled by even the PC1, it becomes important to deal with this problem in our program. With the help of R. Hook (ST-ECF), we have designed a program of 10 exposures p er epoch (5 per orbit) shifted by s ubpixel values. This dithering strategy will enable us to regain the oversampling of the PC1 images required for high- precision astrometry. 3. The last requirement is for a distant reference frame. Fortuitously, for 47 Tuc this is a simple problem to solve. The background SMC provides a rich reference frame of stars, which can be easily identified by CMDs (see Hesser et al. 1987). These numerous F-type stars would appear at U = 21.0-22.0. To summarise, given that we are able to obtain observations with the same roll angle, and shifted in the sub-pixel pattern described above, there is no reason why precisions of 1/100th of a pixel should not be easily obtained over the course of 3 Cycles, i.e., about two years, allowing the 1-Sigma measurement of 0.23 mas/yr proper motions. To minimize the telescope time requested, we have selected the F300W filter, which reduces the dynamic range in magnitude and prevents heavily saturated pixels by red giants. More or less all stages of e volution in the cluster can be s een. The U filter allows the detection of MS (of a wide mass range), RG, RHB, AGB, BS and WD stars without any of these stages being so bright compared to the others that multiple exposures with different observing times are required. The dynamic range needed is only about 5-6 magnitudes, compared with the 10 magnitudes in the optical between the RGB and the WD sequence. The brightest stars are going to be RHB and BS stars, according to the models of Welsh & Code (1980). (Sampling problems are also reduced in the UV compared with optical passbands). We prefer the wide U filter F300W to the Johnson U filter F336W because we gain about 0.5 magnitudes, critical for the faintest and bluest objects. The red leak of the F300W filter will not be a problem for the proposed science, since color information is available from the archives. One orbit devoted to short exposures taken with the F555W filter will provide a CMD, which is necessary for the identification of the backgrou nd SMC stars used as a reference f r ame. Since 47 Tuc is in the CVZ, 96 minutes are available per orbit. For the F300W filter, we will obtain per orbit 5 pairs of 6 minute exposures (350-400 seconds), with cosmic ray splitting, during two complete orbits (for a total of 5 * 6 * 2 * 2 = 120 minutes plus overheads). For the F555W filter, we will obtain, during the third orbit, 10 pairs of 3 minute exposures (160-180 seconds) with cosmic ray splitting (for a total of 10 * 3 * 2 = 60 minutes plus overheads). This procedure must be repeated using the same roll angle already used in Cycles 5 and 6. We have kept our request of time to the bare minimum needed, viz. 3 orbits for only one cluster. Although we have been conservative in estimating the final proper motion uncertainties, any reduction in the number of orbits will be very harmful for the project. Only the full set of observations, taken at textitthree different epochs over about two years, will achieve, through the extraction of the proper motions with w el l-determined uncertainties, the scientific goal of this proposal. Null Real Time Justification ----------------------- Our differential approach requires that we observe with the same roll angles and the same filter in different years (cycle 5 through cycle 7), with subpixel shifts in between frames. This project was not possible with HST before the refurbishment mission, but present WFPC2 capabilities and stability allow us to measure accurate relative motions. We have radial velocities for a sample of about 4000 stars, consisting of the brightest giants in the core and somewhat fainter stars at larger radii. We emphasize that the stars in the core whose velocities can be obtained from the ground are a small subset of the proper motion sample. However, the velocities will be a valuable starting point for Monte-Carlo simulations testing how complete a sample of high-velocity stars is produced by the WFPC2 proper motions and will also be used for the dynamical modeling of the entire cluster. Calibration Justification ------------------------- Additional Comments ------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 7503( 14) - 08/05/99 13:48 - [ 3] Data Distribution Paper Products: Media: DAT Blocking Factor: 10 Ship To: PI_Address Ship Via: Email: ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 7503( 14) - 08/05/99 13:48 - [ 4] TARGET LIST Fixed Targets ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Tar| Target | Target | Target |Coord | Radial | Flux data No | Name | Description | Position |Eqnx | Vel. | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 1 NGC104 STELLAR CLUSTER, RA=00H 21M 52.28S +/- 0.14S, 1950 V=-18.8 V = 4.02 GLOBULAR CLUSTER DEC=-72D 21' 27.5" +/- 2.17" B-V = 0.88 Epoch of Position RA proper motion (seconds of time/yr) DEC Proper Motion (arcsec/yr) Annual Parallax (arcsec) 1950 0.0004 -0.0016 0.00 7503( 14) - 08/05/99 13:48 - [ 5] Visit: 01 Visit Priority: Visit Requirements: ORIENT 23D TO 23D CVZ AFTER 30-Aug-1998 On Hold Comments: Additional Comments: Exposures ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Exposure| Target |Instr | Oper. | Aper |Spectral|Central| Optional |Num| Time | Special Number | Name |Config| Mode |or FOV |Element |Waveln.| Parameters |Exp| | Requirements ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 1 NGC104 WFPC2 IMAGE PC1 F300W DITHER-TYPE=LINE, 1 400 S DITHER-LINE-STEPS=4, DITHER-LINE-SPACING=0.176777 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 2 NGC104 WFPC2 IMAGE PC1 F300W DITHER-TYPE=LINE, 1 400 S POS TARG 0.13125, 0.00625 DITHER-LINE-STEPS=4, DITHER-LINE-SPACING=0.176777 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 3 NGC104 WFPC2 IMAGE PC1 F300W DITHER-TYPE=LINE, 1 400 S POS TARG 0.2625, 0.0125 DITHER-LINE-STEPS=4, DITHER-LINE-SPACING=0.176777 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 4 NGC104 WFPC2 IMAGE PC1 F300W DITHER-TYPE=LINE, 1 500 S POS TARG 0.39375, 0.01875 DITHER-LINE-STEPS=4, DITHER-LINE-SPACING=0.176777 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 5 NGC104 WFPC2 IMAGE PC1 F555W DITHER-TYPE=LINE, 1 1 S DITHER-LINE-STEPS=3, DITHER-LINE-SPACING=0.471404 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 6 NGC104 WFPC2 IMAGE PC1 F555W DITHER-TYPE=LINE, 1 20 S DITHER-LINE-STEPS=6, DITHER-LINE-SPACING=0.164992 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 7 NGC104 WFPC2 IMAGE PC1 F555W DITHER-TYPE=LINE, 1 20 S POS TARG 0.338889, DITHER-LINE-STEPS=6, 0.00555556 DITHER-LINE-SPACING=0.164992 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 8 NGC104 WFPC2 IMAGE PC1 F555W DITHER-TYPE=LINE, 1 20 S POS TARG 0.177778, DITHER-LINE-STEPS=6, 0.0111111 DITHER-LINE-SPACING=0.164992 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 9 NGC104 WFPC2 IMAGE PC1 F555W DITHER-TYPE=LINE, 1 120 S DITHER-LINE-STEPS=3, DITHER-LINE-SPACING=0.471404 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 7503( 14) - 08/05/99 13:48 - [ 6] Summary Form for Proposal 7503 Item Used in this proposal ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Apertures PC1 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Configurations WFPC2 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Opmodes IMAGE ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Optional Parameters DITHER-TYPE=LINE DITHER-LINE-STEPS=4 DITHER-LINE-SPACING=0.176777 DITHER-LINE-SPACING=0.471404 DITHER-LINE-SPACING=0.164992 DITHER-LINE-STEPS=6 DITHER-LINE-STEPS=3 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Proposal Category GO ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Special Requirements ORIENT 23D TO 23D CVZ AFTER 30-Aug-1998 POS TARG 0.13125, 0.00625 POS TARG 0.2625, 0.0125 POS TARG 0.39375, 0.01875 POS TARG 0.338889, 0.00555556 POS TARG 0.177778, 0.0111111 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Spectral Elements F300W F555W ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Target Names NGC104 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------