7876( 4) - 08/14/98 12:24 - [ 1] PROPOSAL FOR HUBBLE SPACE TELESCOPE OBSERVATIONS ST ScI Use Only ID: 7876 Version: 4 Check-in Date: 14-Aug-1998 12:21:21 1.Proposal Title: The Giant Branch Luminosity Function of M31's Bulge ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 2. Proposal For 3. Cycle GO 7 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 4. Investigators Contact? PI: Jay A. Frogel Ohio State University CoI: R. Michael Rich Columbia University N CoI: Wendy Freedman Carnegie Observatories N CoI: Alvio Renzini ESO N CoI: Carme Gallart Carnegie Observatories N CoI: Roger Davies University of Durham N CoI: Pascale Jablonka Observatoire de Paris-Meudon N CoI: Darren DePoy The Ohio State University N ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 5. Abstract We propose to obtain JHK images with NICMOS/NIC2 of four fields in the central bulge of M31 and one in its disk. From these data we will be able to determine the bolometric luminosity function and colors for stars on the upper giant branch of M31's bulge and distinguish between long period variables and other giants. We will then derive estimates for the age and metallicity of these stars as a function of distance from the center of M31. These observations should definitively answer the question of whether or not there is a significant component of intermediate age stars in M31's bulge. This is especially relevant to the study of other bulges and spheroids since M31's integrated light is often used as a template for population synthesis studies and the interpretation of the integrated light from other galaxies. Indeed, the bulge of M31 harbours the nearest stellar population that is similar to that found in giant elliptical galaxies. Stars in the Milky Way's bulge are also often used as templates in stellar synthesis studies, yet its average metallicity is appreciably lower than that of M31's bulge and of giant ellipticals. Thus, a delineation of the differences in the luminous M giant population of the bulges of M31 and the Galaxy will also be of considerable interest for stellar synthesis work and for understanding the evolution of spiral bulges in general. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 7876( 4) - 08/14/98 12:24 - [ 2] Observations Description ------------------------ We expect the M31 bulge RGB tip to be at K=16.7 for (m- M)=24.4. To insure that in spite of the crowded fields we can accurately determine the luminosity function for the upper part of the RGB as well as its slope and location, we calculate (based on observations of fields in the Galactic bulge) that we need good statistics at J and H for giants on the upper 4 mags of the RGB. At this level we expect stars to have JHK mags of 21.7, 20.9, and 20.7, respectively. We estimate that a S/N of 50:1 in J and H at the faint limit is required. With well defined PSFs and this S/N goal we claim that our observational goals will definitely be obtainable. H-K colors are needed only for the upper two mags of the RGB in each field. Again, from Galactic bulge scaled to the distance of M31, we expect that for a S/N of 25:1 at K=18.7, we can get the necessary data for M31. With a nominal goal of S/N=50 at J and H of 21.7 and 20.9, respectively, and S/N=25 at K=18.7, the NICMOS exposure time calculator gives: J(F110W) - 1500 sec; H (F160W) - 2200 sec; K(F222M) - 2100 sec for NREAD=1 in MULTIACCUM mode. Conversations with M. Rieke indicates that other than dithering we will not need "sky" frames. Thus the total exposure sequence needs 5800 seconds on source. For a typical orbit of 54 minutes, and about 700 sec. for overhead every two orbits, we calculate that it will take two orbits to do each of the 4 fields. Fine tuning of the exposure times would be made in phase 2 if this proposal is accepted. NIC1 is not a good choice as prime camera: resolution is gained only at J, nearly a factor of two penalty in integration time at J and H is incurred, and there is no K filter on NIC1. However, we will run NIC1 in parallel taking deep J exposures. These NIC1 data will help evaluate the effects of crowding on the NIC2 images. We will compare the higher resolution NIC1 J luminosity function with that from NIC2 and use the approach taken by DePoy et al. (1993) to evaluate the effects of crowding on the luminosity function. Observations of bright, late M giants in Baade's Window (that have been previously observed from the ground) over the course of two orbits with NICMOS will be of considerable help in comparing the M31 data with ground based data of Galactic globulars and of BW. The reason is that the cool metal rich giants will have deep water bands at the ends of the JHK filter bandpasses and the filters used in NICMOS are considerably broader than their ground based counterparts. The plan for these observations is as follows: Go to star 1; run through JHK filters giving each 3.5 sec for these K=8 stars; multiaccum with 0.215 sec in J, H and 0.8 sec in K. Dither about one'' and repeat sequence of filters in reverse order. Repeat this whole sequence 2 more times to have 4 dithered positions at each setting. This takes about 4X90 sec plus 540 sec for setup. Drop to gyros and offset 4 arcmin to the next very red star. This takes only 270 sec because we are not acquiring another guide star. In 2 orbits we anticipate doing 6-8 stars. Around the K=8 stars will be a number of fainter stars also previously observed from the ground with both arrays and single channel photometers to help the transformation. We have submitted another proposal (M31 clusters) that makes the same 2 orbit request for Baade's Window stars. If both proposals get time we would need only one of these 2 orbit requests. These data can be made publicly available immediately after they are taken so as to aid other NICMOS observers. Real Time Justification ----------------------- As noted in the body of the proposal, there are or will be WFPC2 images available of some of the fields we will image with NICMOS. Optical to near-IR colors will be another way of comparing the M31 bulge population with the Galactic bulge and with star clusters. Calibration Justification ------------------------- Additional Comments ------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 7876( 4) - 08/14/98 12:24 - [ 3] Data Distribution Media: DAT Blocking Factor: 10 Ship To: PI_Address Ship Via: Email: ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 7876( 4) - 08/14/98 12:24 - [ 4] TARGET LIST a) Fixed Targets ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Tar| Target | Target | Target |Coord | Radial | Flux data No | Name | Description | Position |Eqnx | Vel. | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 1 M31-FIELD-1 GALAXY, BULGE RA=00H 39M 52.1S +/- 0.1S, B1950 V = 7.0 DEC=40D 58' 26" +/- 1", PLATE- ID=0738 2 M31-FIELD-2 GALAXY, BULGE RA=00H 40M 42.7S +/- 0.1S, B1950 V = 7.0 DEC=40D 50' 58" +/- 1", PLATE- ID=0738 3 M31-FIELD-3 GALAXY, BULGE RA=00H 39M 46.7S +/- 0.1S, B1950 V = 7.0 DEC=40D 56' 52" +/- 1", PLATE- ID=0738 4 M31-FIELD-4 GALAXY, BULGE RA=00H 40M 16.15S +/- 0.1S, B1950 V = 7.0 DEC=40D 57' 09" +/- 1", PLATE- ID=0738 5 M31-FIELD-5 GALAXY, BULGE RA=00H 39M 38.5S +/- 0.1S, B1950 V = 7.0 DEC=40D 55' 32" +/- 1", PLATE- ID=0738 7876( 4) - 08/14/98 12:24 - [ 5] Visit: 01 Visit Priority: Visit Requirements: SCHED 50% On Hold Comments: Additional Comments: Exposures ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Exposure| Target |Instr | Oper. | Aper |Spectral|Central| Optional |Num| Time | Special Number | Name |Config| Mode |or FOV |Element |Waveln.| Parameters |Exp| | Requirements ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 1 M31-FIELD-1 NIC2 MULTIAC NIC2 F110W CAMERA-FOCUS=1-2,SAMP-SEQ=STEP32, 1 DEF PAR 2-3 WITH 1 CUM NSAMP=17,PATTERN=SPIRAL-DITH, NUM-POS=4,OFFSET=SAM, DITH-SIZE=0.4, PATTERN-ORIENT=DETECTOR Comments: J band (NIC2) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 2 ANY NIC1 MULTIAC NIC1 F110W SAMP-SEQ=STEP32,NSAMP=17 1 DEF CUM Comments: J band (Parallel NIC1) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 3 ANY NIC3 MULTIAC NIC3 F222M SAMP-SEQ=STEP32,NSAMP=17 1 DEF CUM Comments: K band (Parallel NIC3) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 4 M31-FIELD-1 NIC2 MULTIAC NIC2 F222M CAMERA-FOCUS=1-2,SAMP-SEQ=STEP32, 1 DEF PAR 5-6 WITH 4 CUM NSAMP=20,PATTERN=SPIRAL-DITH, NUM-POS=4,OFFSET=SAM, DITH-SIZE=0.4, PATTERN-ORIENT=DETECTOR Comments: K band (NIC2) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 5 ANY NIC1 MULTIAC NIC1 F110W SAMP-SEQ=STEP32,NSAMP=20 1 DEF CUM Comments: J band (Parallel NIC1) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 6 ANY NIC3 MULTIAC NIC3 F240M SAMP-SEQ=STEP32,NSAMP=20 1 DEF CUM Comments: K band (Parallel NIC3) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 7 M31-FIELD-1 NIC2 MULTIAC NIC2 F160W CAMERA-FOCUS=1-2,SAMP-SEQ=STEP32, 1 DEF PAR 8-9 WITH 7 CUM NSAMP=23,PATTERN=SPIRAL-DITH, NUM-POS=4,OFFSET=SAM, DITH-SIZE=1.0, PATTERN-ORIENT=DETECTOR Comments: H band (NIC2) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 8 ANY NIC1 MULTIAC NIC1 F110W SAMP-SEQ=STEP32,NSAMP=23 1 DEF CUM Comments: J band (Parallel NIC1) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 9 ANY NIC3 MULTIAC NIC3 F240M SAMP-SEQ=STEP32,NSAMP=23 1 DEF CUM Comments: K band (Parallel NIC3) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 7876( 4) - 08/14/98 12:24 - [ 6] Visit: 02 Visit Priority: Visit Requirements: SCHED 50% On Hold Comments: Additional Comments: Exposures ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Exposure| Target |Instr | Oper. | Aper |Spectral|Central| Optional |Num| Time | Special Number | Name |Config| Mode |or FOV |Element |Waveln.| Parameters |Exp| | Requirements ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 1 M31-FIELD-2 NIC2 MULTIAC NIC2 F110W CAMERA-FOCUS=1-2,SAMP-SEQ=STEP32, 1 DEF PAR 2-3 WITH 1 CUM NSAMP=17,PATTERN=SPIRAL-DITH, NUM-POS=4,OFFSET=SAM, DITH-SIZE=0.4, PATTERN-ORIENT=DETECTOR Comments: J band (NIC2) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 2 ANY NIC1 MULTIAC NIC1 F110W SAMP-SEQ=STEP32,NSAMP=17 1 DEF CUM Comments: J band (Parallel NIC1) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 3 ANY NIC3 MULTIAC NIC3 F222M SAMP-SEQ=STEP32,NSAMP=17 1 DEF CUM Comments: K band (Parallel NIC3) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 4 M31-FIELD-2 NIC2 MULTIAC NIC2 F222M CAMERA-FOCUS=1-2,SAMP-SEQ=STEP32, 1 DEF PAR 5-6 WITH 4 CUM NSAMP=20,PATTERN=SPIRAL-DITH, NUM-POS=4,OFFSET=SAM, DITH-SIZE=0.4, PATTERN-ORIENT=DETECTOR Comments: K band (NIC2) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 5 ANY NIC1 MULTIAC NIC1 F110W SAMP-SEQ=STEP32,NSAMP=20 1 DEF CUM Comments: J band (Parallel NIC1) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 6 ANY NIC3 MULTIAC NIC3 F240M SAMP-SEQ=STEP32,NSAMP=20 1 DEF CUM Comments: K band (Parallel NIC3) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 7 M31-FIELD-2 NIC2 MULTIAC NIC2 F160W CAMERA-FOCUS=1-2,SAMP-SEQ=STEP32, 1 DEF PAR 8-9 WITH 7 CUM NSAMP=23,PATTERN=SPIRAL-DITH, NUM-POS=4,OFFSET=SAM, DITH-SIZE=1.0, PATTERN-ORIENT=DETECTOR Comments: H band (NIC2) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 8 ANY NIC1 MULTIAC NIC1 F110W SAMP-SEQ=STEP32,NSAMP=23 1 DEF CUM Comments: J band (Parallel NIC1) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 9 ANY NIC3 MULTIAC NIC3 F240M SAMP-SEQ=STEP32,NSAMP=23 1 DEF CUM Comments: K band (Parallel NIC3) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 7876( 4) - 08/14/98 12:24 - [ 7] Visit: 03 Visit Priority: Visit Requirements: SCHED 50% On Hold Comments: Additional Comments: Exposures ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Exposure| Target |Instr | Oper. | Aper |Spectral|Central| Optional |Num| Time | Special Number | Name |Config| Mode |or FOV |Element |Waveln.| Parameters |Exp| | Requirements ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 1 M31-FIELD-3 NIC2 MULTIAC NIC2 F110W CAMERA-FOCUS=1-2,SAMP-SEQ=STEP32, 1 DEF PAR 2-3 WITH 1 CUM NSAMP=17,PATTERN=SPIRAL-DITH, NUM-POS=4,OFFSET=SAM, DITH-SIZE=0.4, PATTERN-ORIENT=DETECTOR Comments: J band (NIC2) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 2 ANY NIC1 MULTIAC NIC1 F110W SAMP-SEQ=STEP32,NSAMP=17 1 DEF CUM Comments: J band (Parallel NIC1) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 3 ANY NIC3 MULTIAC NIC3 F222M SAMP-SEQ=STEP32,NSAMP=17 1 DEF CUM Comments: K band (Parallel NIC3) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 4 M31-FIELD-3 NIC2 MULTIAC NIC2 F222M CAMERA-FOCUS=1-2,SAMP-SEQ=STEP32, 1 DEF PAR 5-6 WITH 4 CUM NSAMP=20,PATTERN=SPIRAL-DITH, NUM-POS=4,OFFSET=SAM, DITH-SIZE=0.4, PATTERN-ORIENT=DETECTOR Comments: K band (NIC2) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 5 ANY NIC1 MULTIAC NIC1 F110W SAMP-SEQ=STEP32,NSAMP=20 1 DEF CUM Comments: J band (Parallel NIC1) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 6 ANY NIC3 MULTIAC NIC3 F240M SAMP-SEQ=STEP32,NSAMP=20 1 DEF CUM Comments: K band (Parallel NIC3) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 7 M31-FIELD-3 NIC2 MULTIAC NIC2 F160W CAMERA-FOCUS=1-2,SAMP-SEQ=STEP32, 1 DEF PAR 8-9 WITH 7 CUM NSAMP=23,PATTERN=SPIRAL-DITH, NUM-POS=4,OFFSET=SAM, DITH-SIZE=1.0, PATTERN-ORIENT=DETECTOR Comments: H band (NIC2) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 8 ANY NIC1 MULTIAC NIC1 F110W SAMP-SEQ=STEP32,NSAMP=23 1 DEF CUM Comments: J band (Parallel NIC1) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 9 ANY NIC3 MULTIAC NIC3 F240M SAMP-SEQ=STEP32,NSAMP=23 1 DEF CUM Comments: K band (Parallel NIC3) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 7876( 4) - 08/14/98 12:24 - [ 8] Visit: 04 Visit Priority: Visit Requirements: SCHED 50% On Hold Comments: Additional Comments: Exposures ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Exposure| Target |Instr | Oper. | Aper |Spectral|Central| Optional |Num| Time | Special Number | Name |Config| Mode |or FOV |Element |Waveln.| Parameters |Exp| | Requirements ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 1 M31-FIELD-4 NIC2 MULTIAC NIC2 F110W CAMERA-FOCUS=1-2,SAMP-SEQ=STEP32, 1 DEF PAR 2-3 WITH 1 CUM NSAMP=17,PATTERN=SPIRAL-DITH, NUM-POS=4,OFFSET=SAM, DITH-SIZE=0.4, PATTERN-ORIENT=DETECTOR Comments: J band (NIC2) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 2 ANY NIC1 MULTIAC NIC1 F110W SAMP-SEQ=STEP32,NSAMP=17 1 DEF CUM Comments: J band (Parallel NIC1) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 3 ANY NIC3 MULTIAC NIC3 F222M SAMP-SEQ=STEP32,NSAMP=17 1 DEF CUM Comments: K band (Parallel NIC3) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 4 M31-FIELD-4 NIC2 MULTIAC NIC2 F222M CAMERA-FOCUS=1-2,SAMP-SEQ=STEP32, 1 DEF PAR 5-6 WITH 4 CUM NSAMP=20,PATTERN=SPIRAL-DITH, NUM-POS=4,OFFSET=SAM, DITH-SIZE=0.4, PATTERN-ORIENT=DETECTOR Comments: K band (NIC2) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 5 ANY NIC1 MULTIAC NIC1 F110W SAMP-SEQ=STEP32,NSAMP=20 1 DEF CUM Comments: J band (Parallel NIC1) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 6 ANY NIC3 MULTIAC NIC3 F240M SAMP-SEQ=STEP32,NSAMP=20 1 DEF CUM Comments: K band (Parallel NIC3) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 7 M31-FIELD-4 NIC2 MULTIAC NIC2 F160W CAMERA-FOCUS=1-2,SAMP-SEQ=STEP32, 1 DEF PAR 8-9 WITH 7 CUM NSAMP=23,PATTERN=SPIRAL-DITH, NUM-POS=4,OFFSET=SAM, DITH-SIZE=1.0, PATTERN-ORIENT=DETECTOR Comments: H band (NIC2) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 8 ANY NIC1 MULTIAC NIC1 F110W SAMP-SEQ=STEP32,NSAMP=23 1 DEF CUM Comments: J band (Parallel NIC1) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 9 ANY NIC3 MULTIAC NIC3 F240M SAMP-SEQ=STEP32,NSAMP=23 1 DEF CUM Comments: K band (Parallel NIC3) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 7876( 4) - 08/14/98 12:24 - [ 9] Visit: 05 Visit Priority: Visit Requirements: SCHED 50% On Hold Comments: Additional Comments: Exposures ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Exposure| Target |Instr | Oper. | Aper |Spectral|Central| Optional |Num| Time | Special Number | Name |Config| Mode |or FOV |Element |Waveln.| Parameters |Exp| | Requirements ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 1 M31-FIELD-5 NIC2 MULTIAC NIC2 F110W CAMERA-FOCUS=1-2,SAMP-SEQ=STEP32, 1 DEF PAR 2-3 WITH 1 CUM NSAMP=17,PATTERN=SPIRAL-DITH, NUM-POS=4,OFFSET=SAM, DITH-SIZE=0.4, PATTERN-ORIENT=DETECTOR Comments: J band (NIC2) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 2 ANY NIC1 MULTIAC NIC1 F110W SAMP-SEQ=STEP32,NSAMP=17 1 DEF CUM Comments: J band (Parallel NIC1) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 3 ANY NIC3 MULTIAC NIC3 F222M SAMP-SEQ=STEP32,NSAMP=17 1 DEF CUM Comments: K band (Parallel NIC3) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 4 M31-FIELD-5 NIC2 MULTIAC NIC2 F222M CAMERA-FOCUS=1-2,SAMP-SEQ=STEP32, 1 DEF PAR 5-6 WITH 4 CUM NSAMP=20,PATTERN=SPIRAL-DITH, NUM-POS=4,OFFSET=SAM, DITH-SIZE=0.4, PATTERN-ORIENT=DETECTOR Comments: K band (NIC2) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 5 ANY NIC1 MULTIAC NIC1 F110W SAMP-SEQ=STEP32,NSAMP=20 1 DEF CUM Comments: J band (Parallel NIC1) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 6 ANY NIC3 MULTIAC NIC3 F240M SAMP-SEQ=STEP32,NSAMP=20 1 DEF CUM Comments: K band (Parallel NIC3) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 7 M31-FIELD-5 NIC2 MULTIAC NIC2 F160W CAMERA-FOCUS=1-2,SAMP-SEQ=STEP32, 1 DEF PAR 8-9 WITH 7 CUM NSAMP=23,PATTERN=SPIRAL-DITH, NUM-POS=4,OFFSET=SAM, DITH-SIZE=1.0, PATTERN-ORIENT=DETECTOR Comments: H band (NIC2) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 8 ANY NIC1 MULTIAC NIC1 F110W SAMP-SEQ=STEP32,NSAMP=23 1 DEF CUM Comments: J band (Parallel NIC1) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 9 ANY NIC3 MULTIAC NIC3 F240M SAMP-SEQ=STEP32,NSAMP=23 1 DEF CUM Comments: K band (Parallel NIC3) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 7876( 4) - 08/14/98 12:24 - [ 10] Summary Form for Proposal 7876 Item Used in this proposal ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Apertures NIC2 NIC1 NIC3 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Configurations NIC2 NIC1 NIC3 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Opmodes MULTIACCUM ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Optional Parameters CAMERA-FOCUS=1-2 SAMP-SEQ=STEP32 NSAMP=17 PATTERN=SPIRAL-DITH NUM-POS=4 OFFSET=SAM DITH-SIZE=0.4 PATTERN-ORIENT=DETECTOR NSAMP=20 DITH-SIZE=1.0 NSAMP=23 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Proposal Category GO ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Special Requirements SCHED 50% PAR 2-3 WITH 1 PAR 5-6 WITH 4 PAR 8-9 WITH 7 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Spectral Elements F110W F222M F240M F160W ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Target Names M31-FIELD-1 ANY M31-FIELD-2 M31-FIELD-3 M31-FIELD-4 M31-FIELD-5 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------